三峡库区9种植物种子萌发特性及其在植被恢复中的意义

三峡大坝蓄水后形成的库区消涨带面临植被消亡、生态退化等问题。为了筛选出适用于库区消涨带植被恢复的植物, 将9种1年生植物种子放置在库区消涨带不同海拔进行水淹(W 165-8 m, 121 d;W 155-18 m, 230 d;W 147-26 m, 271 d), 然后在实验室条件下进行萌发, 研究在消涨带淹水胁迫下这些种子的萌发特性。结果表明: (1) 除马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis)、小蓬草(Conyza canadensis)、金色狗尾草(Setaria glauca)种子在各条件下萌发率都较低外, 不同水淹条件对萌发率影响不同: 与新鲜种子相比, W 165水淹后, 旱稗(Echinochloa hispidula)和婆婆针(Bidens bipinnata)种子萌发率显著上升, 其余种子萌发率均显著下降; W 155水淹后, 所有种子的萌发率都显著下降且只有鱧肠(Eclipta prostrate)、黄花蒿(Artemisia annua)、合萌(Aeschynomene indica)3个物种有萌发, 萌发率分别为11.0%、7.3%和2.7%; W 147水淹后, 旱稗和婆婆针种子萌发率显著上升, 鱧肠种子无显著差异, 其余种子萌发率显著下降。(2) 鱧肠、黄花蒿、婆婆针和旱稗种子比其它物种更耐水淹。W 165水淹后, 鱧肠、黄花蒿、婆婆针、旱稗种子萌发率分别为44.7%、42%、20.7%和4.3%, W 147水淹后分别为76.3%、23%、15%和26.3%, 高于其他物种。(3) 水淹后种子萌发时间格局也受到影响, 大部分种子起始萌发时间推迟、萌发速度变慢。鱧肠、黄花蒿、婆婆针和旱稗的种子对三峡库区消涨带的水淹胁迫具有一定的适应能力, 可根据它们对水淹条件适应能力的差异在消涨带不同海拔高度进行植被恢复。     

不同比例尺DEM数据对森林生态类型划分精度的影响

针对以辽东山区森林生态类型划分的需求,探讨了所需DEM数据的最低精度要求,通过对比试验和Kappa检验,得到1：10000比例尺DEM是划分辽东山区森林生态类型的较佳数据源。通过实践工作和对比试验研究,本文总结了针对ELT划分的需求,进行地形图扫描矢量化生成DEM数据过程中需要解决的关键技术问题,提出了等高线矢量化中纠错的有效方法,采用TOPOGRID命令生成了更符合客观地形状况的DEM数据,解决了生态分类系统中的关键性技术问题,该技术方法具有普遍性。     

Circular RNA circ‐RCCD promotes cardiomyocyte differentiation in mouse embryo development via recruiting YY1 to the promoter of MyD88

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect, affecting approximately 1% of live births. Genetic and environmental factors are leading factors to CHD, but the mechanism of CHD pathogenesis remains unclear. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are kinds of endogenous non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs) involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, especially in heart diseases. In this study, three significant differently expressed circRNA between maternal embryonic day (E) E13 and E17 was found by microarray assay. Among them, the content of circ‐RCCD increases with the development of heart and was enriched in primary cardiomyocytes of different species, which arouses our attention. Functional experiments revealed that inhibition of circ‐RCCD dramatically suppressed the formation of beating cell clusters, the fluorescence intensity of cardiac differentiation marker MF20, and the expression of the myocardial‐specific markers CTnT, Mef2c, and GATA4. Next, we found that circ‐RCCD was involved in cardiomyocyte differentiation through negative regulation of MyD88 expression. Further experiments proved that circ‐RCCD inhibited MyD88 levels by recruiting YY1 to the promoter of MyD88; circ‐RCCD inhibited nuclear translocation of YY1. These results reported that circ‐RCCD promoted cardiomyocyte differentiation by recruiting YY1 to the promoter of MyD88. And, this study provided a potential role and molecular mechanism of circ‐RCCD as a target for the treatment of CHD.     

School racial segregation and long-term cardiovascular health among Black adults in the US: A quasi-experimental study

BackgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) disproportionately affects Black adults in the United States. This is increasingly acknowledged to be due to inequitable distribution of health-promoting resources. One potential contributor is inequities in educational opportunities, although it is unclear what aspects of education are most salient. School racial segregation may affect cardiovascular health by increasing stress, constraining socioeconomic opportunities, and altering health behaviors. We investigated the association between school segregation and Black adults’ CVD risk.Methods and findingsWe leveraged a natural experiment created by quasi-random (i.e., arbitrary) timing of local court decisions since 1991 that released school districts from court-ordered desegregation. We used the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) (1991 to 2017), linked with district-level school segregation measures and desegregation court order status. The sample included 1,053 Black participants who ever resided in school districts that were under a court desegregation order in 1991. The exposure was mean school segregation during observed schooling years. Outcomes included several adult CVD risk factors and outcomes. We fitted standard ordinary least squares (OLS) multivariable linear regression models, then conducted instrumental variables (IV) analysis, using the proportion of schooling years spent in districts that had been released from court-ordered desegregation as an instrument. We adjusted for individual- and district-level preexposure confounders, birth year, and state fixed effects. In standard linear models, school segregation was associated with a lower probability of good self-rated health (−0.05 percentage points per SD of the segregation index; 95% CI: −0.08, −0.03; p < 0.001) and a higher probability of binge drinking (0.04 percentage points; 95% CI: 0.002, 0.07; p = 0.04) and heart disease (0.01 percentage points; 95% CI: 0.002, 0.15; p = 0.007). IV analyses also found that school segregation was associated with a lower probability of good self-rated health (−0.09 percentage points; 95% CI: −0.17, −0.02, p = 0.02) and a higher probability of binge drinking (0.17 percentage points; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.30, p = 0.008). For IV estimates, only binge drinking was robust to adjustments for multiple hypothesis testing. Limitations included self-reported outcomes and potential residual confounding and exposure misclassification.ConclusionsSchool segregation exposure in childhood may have longstanding impacts on Black adults’ cardiovascular health. Future research should replicate these analyses in larger samples and explore potential mechanisms. Given the recent rise in school segregation, this study has implications for policies and programs to address racial inequities in CVD.

Min Hee Kim and colleagues investigate the association between exposure to school racial segregation in childhood and long-term cardiovascular health among Black adults in the United States.     

HPLC测定灵芝子实体水提物及相关产品中三萜的含量

灵芝药品大多以灵芝子实体水提物为原料,为快速准确测定灵芝子实体水提物及相关产品中三萜的含量,建立了具有较好分离效果的HPLC分析测定方法。通过优化色谱柱和洗脱条件,优选出Agilent Zorbax SB-Aq C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈-乙酸水溶液(0.01%)为流动相梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长252 nm,柱温30℃,该条件下灵芝酸A、灵芝酸F等10种灵芝酸得到较好的分离。方法学考察显示该分析方法精密度、重复性、稳定性和加样回收率的RSD值均小于5%,可以用于灵芝酸C2、灵芝酸G、灵芝烯酸B、灵芝酸B等10种灵芝酸的定量检测。通过对灵芝子实体原料、水提物和市售灵芝产品中10种三萜类成分分析发现,灵芝子实体水提物中均含有这10种三萜,含量为2.52%–6.83%,较子实体原料大幅提高,市售的灵芝产品中的三萜含量为0.27%–0.84%。该方法的建立为灵芝水提物及其产品质量标准的建立奠定基础。     

城市化进程中城市热岛景观格局演变的时空特征——以厦门市为例

热岛效应作为城市化过程中产生的特有环境问题,对其形成和演变规律的研究有助于人们提出有效的应对措施。以厦门市为研究对象,利用1987—2007年等时间间隔、同时相的5景Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像数据进行地表温度反演,在此基础上使用景观格局指数分析厦门城市热岛景观格局随城市化进程演变的趋势。结果表明:随着厦门城市化进程加深,整个热岛景观在逐渐变得更加破碎化,高等级热岛景观斑块个数、类型面积和个体面积都增大;新的高等级热岛景观斑块都出现在原有高等级斑块附近,致使高等级类型的邻近度增加而各类型之间相互接触的程度也增加;景观总体的聚合度逐渐下降,而高等级热岛景观类型的聚合度则呈上升趋势;景观水平的蔓延度总体呈下降趋势,优势度高的低等级热岛景观所占的比重下降,优势度逐渐降低;多样性指数、均匀度指数总体呈上升趋势,各热岛景观面积在各类型间的分配逐渐趋于均匀;热岛景观斑块的转化方面,在20 a间低等级斑块类型(1、2、3级)向高等级斑块类型(4、5、6级)转化的面积总体上呈增加趋势,而高等级斑块类型向低等级斑块类型转化的面积总体上呈减小趋势,且等级升高的面积明显大于同期等级降低的面积;就高等级热岛景观斑块而言,他们与3级热岛景观斑块间的相互转化最容易发生,远比高等级斑块内部各类型之间的相互转化来得容易,尤其6类和5类的转化是最为困难的热岛景观变化之一;从空间上看,各高等级热岛景观斑块都经历了数量增加、面积扩大、等级升高三个方面的变化,形成了海沧、新阳、杏林、厦门岛西北港口区和机场5个高温组团。利用景观指数分析城市热环境,可探明热岛景观随城市化演变的趋势,并为有效的热岛效应减缓措施提供直接的理论依据。     

我国低空急流的时空分布与稻飞虱北迁

利用国家气象局高空气象资料（CD版）统计了1986－1995年间昆虫迁飞季节内（3－9月份）低空急流发生的时空变化和抉学,并与稻飞虱的北迁作了相关分析。结果表明,低空急流的发生区域分布于百色,锦州,嫩江一线的东侧,长时间,大尺度的低空急流有利于稻飞虱的远距离北迁和大范围降落,3月下旬和5月下旬稻飞虱始见期的北界与低空急流的16．5℃等温线相吻合,而后其始见期北界与低空急流前缘所至基本吻合。据此提出可以低空急流作为监测稻飞虱迁飞的预警参数,再结合虫情资料预测稻飞慢迁入区的分布。     

铜陵长江大桥对豚类栖息地的影响

根据1987-2001年在铜陵江段所进行的18次豚类生态考察,统计历年考察记录中,在成德洲-梅埂段（以下称大桥河段）工作的天数及观察到的白Ji豚和长江江豚数量,分别计算其SPUE值（Sightings per unit of effort,以头/d计）。并于1989,2001年,在长江水位8.5m左右（吴淞 高程）测定了大桥河段断面A,B,C,D的深度（m)及流速（m/s)。根据汉道最大河宽（B）,转折角（α）,曲折率（S/L）,以及汊道宽长比（B/S）的变化,分析河道与沙洲的变动对白Ji豚和长江江豚栖息地的影响。研究结果表明大桥建成后,河段平面变形小,汊道分流比稳定,滩槽很少变动,流态稳定,水势复杂多样,仍具备豚类栖息活动必要的水文条件,但铜陵大桥对其上下河道,沙洲也产生了一定的影响,主要表现为近期和悦洲与成德洲附近的滩槽冲淤明显,汇,分流区主流摆动不确定,不能形成稳定的水区,导致成德洲附近的白Ji豚和长江江豚活动次数明显减少,特别是白Ji豚的活动路线中（太阳洲→梅埂）的羊山矶,历次考察中未观察到白Ji豚,总而言之,白Ji豚在大桥河段的SPUE值降低与其种群急剧下降是一致的,但在梅埂活动的次数下降不明显;长江江豚在局部水域（梅埂,横港）的SPUE值有上升趋势,这些现象可能与近期的河床演变及桥墩挑流有关。     

TVDI模型的农业旱情时空变化遥感应用

温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)是一种通过反演土壤湿度来反映农业干旱状况的重要方法,其中能量平衡和植被指数的变化是影响TVDI模型精度的主要因子。在研究比值植被指数(RVI)、归一化植被指数(NDVI)、增强型植被指数(EVI)和修正土壤调节植被指数(MSAVI)和下垫面温度(Ts)的基础上,引入DEM数据并对Ts做地形校正,减少了地形起伏对能量平衡的影响,建立不同植被指数的Ts-Ⅵ特征空间,选择与土壤湿度相关性最好的温度植被干旱指数(TVDI),获取研究区2005年作物生长季(5—9月)的干旱状况,并用同步的气象信息对干旱状况进行验证。结果表明:根据不同时期采用不同植被指数的TVDI模型,经过地形校正后能够更好地反映研究区的农业干旱状况。     

干旱区绿洲城镇景观生态风险时空变化分析——以张掖绿洲乡镇为例

科学评估与分析干旱区绿洲乡镇景观生态风险,对优化绿洲土地资源管控和维护干旱区绿洲生态系统稳定性具有重要现实意义。以张掖市绿洲乡镇为对象,基于土地利用数据和景观格局指数,结合ArcGIS空间分析功能,研究其景观生态风险时空特征及影响因素。结果表明：1987—2018年,耕地和建设用地变化明显,分别增加429.03 km~2和236.26 km~2;整体景观生态风险呈下降趋势,并呈“南北高、中间低”格局特征;各乡镇风险水平在空间上正向聚集,位于绿洲边缘地区的乡镇风险变化明显;人为活动干扰是近年风险水平变化的主要因素。研究成果可为西北干旱区绿洲生态保护与治理提供决策参考。