马尾松与粘盖乳牛肝菌菌根共生体形成过程

对菌根共生机制的研究是对其进行应用的前提,到目前为止,绝大多数外生菌根（ectomycorrhiza,ECM）的建立过程尚不明晰,在一定程度上限制了这些ECM真菌在林业中的应用。本研究以我国南方地区主栽树种之一——马尾松Pinus massoniana和其林下优势ECM真菌——粘盖乳牛肝菌Suillus bovinus为材料,在无菌条件下研究两者菌根共生体形成过程的形态学特征。结果表明马尾松与粘盖乳牛肝菌的共生过程分为2个阶段：（1）预共生阶段,即物理接触之前,粘盖乳牛肝菌可通过释放挥发物和分泌物促进马尾松根系伸长和分枝;（2）共生阶段,又可分为3个时期。接种后第4天,粘盖乳牛肝菌菌丝体开始与马尾松根系接触并形成附着胞进入接触期;第7天菌丝开始侵入根系内部,侵入期开始;第28天菌套和哈氏网形成,即菌套和哈氏网形成期,该时期菌根化根尖开始膨大,随后继续发育至二叉分枝状菌根形成。在发育顺序方面,哈氏网与菌套同步发育,但哈氏网成形早于菌套。以上结果可对后续ECM共生机制的深入研究及马尾松高效菌根化育苗技术的开发提供参考。     

A comprehensive census of lake microbial diversity on a global scale

Despite recent interest in microbial diversity and community structure of lakes across various spatial scales, a global biogeographic distribution pattern and its controlling factors have not been fully disclosed. Here, we compiled and analyzed 88,334,735 environmental 16S rRNA sequences from 431 lakes across a wide range of geographical distance and environmental conditions(in particular, salinity, 0–373.3 gL~(–1)). Our results showed that lake sediments inhabit significantly(ANOVA: P0.001) more diverse microbial communities than lake waters. Non-metric dimensional scaling(NMDS) ordinations indicated that microbial community compositions differed distinctly among sample types(freshwater vs. saline, water vs. sediment) and geographic locations. Mantel and partial Mantel tests showed that microbial community composition in lake water was significantly(P=0.001) correlated with geographic distance, salinity, and pH. Statistical analyses based on neutral community and null models indicated that stochastic processes may play predominant roles in shaping the microbial biogeographic distribution patterns in the studied global lake waters. The dispersal-related stochasticity(e.g., homogenizing dispersal) exhibited a stronger influence on the distribution of microbial community in freshwater lakes than in saline lakes. Overall, this work expands our understanding of the impact of geographic distance, environmental conditions, and stochastic processes on microbial distribution in global lakes.     

缺氧通过HIF-1α抑制hPDLFs内毒素耐受

目的:观察缺氧对人牙周膜成纤维细胞(human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts,hPDLFs)内毒素耐受(Endotoxin Tolerance,ET)的影响并初步探讨其可能作用机制。方法:人牙周膜经组织块和胰蛋白酶消化,原代分离培养hPDLFs并鉴定后,给予缺氧诱导,检测其炎症因子白介素-6(Interleukin 6,IL-6)和白介素-8(Interleukin 8,IL-8)的分泌情况。进一步在常氧环境下通过慢病毒过表达增强缺氧诱导因子-1α(Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1α, HIF-1α)表达或在缺氧环境下利用特异性抑制剂YC-1 (3-(50-Hydroxymethyl-20-furyl)-1-benzylindazole)抑制hPDLFs中HIF-1α表达,分析hPDLFs炎症因子IL-6和IL-8的分泌情况的变化。结果:①缺氧时,脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharides,LPS)再次刺激hPDLFs分泌炎症因子白介素IL-6、IL-8没有明显减少(P0.05),提示hPDLFs的ET能力受到抑制。②常氧环境下,与HIF-1α未过表达组相比,过表达组的hPDLFs受到LPS再次刺激后,其分泌炎症因子IL-6或IL-8的能力并未显著降低(P0.05);而在缺氧环境下,hPDLFs HIF-1α表达受到抑制后,LPS再次刺激可以显著抑制hPDLFs分泌IL-6或IL-8(P0.05)。结论:缺氧可能通过诱导HIF-1α抑制hPDLFs的ET,调节hPDLFs的免疫应答,从而加重牙周组织的免疫损伤。     

S100A14在乳腺癌不同分子亚型中表达的临床病理研究

目的:探讨S100钙结合蛋白A14(S100A14)在乳腺癌不同分子亚型中的表达及临床病理意义,为确定新的分子分型标志物提供参考依据。方法:254例乳腺癌石蜡组织来源于2013年1月16日至2014年5月22日在中南大学湘雅医学院附属肿瘤医院暨湖南省肿瘤医院进行乳腺癌根治术的患者。应用免疫组织化学方法检测S100A14在乳腺癌组织中的表达,分析其S100A14在不同分子亚型乳腺癌组织中表达及其与患者临床病理指标间的相关性,采用Kaplan-Meier法分析S100A14蛋白表达与乳腺癌患者预后的关系。结果:S100A14在ER+/PR+/HER2+型、ER+/PR+/HER2-型、ER-/PR-/HER2+型、ER-/PR-/HER2-型乳腺癌四种分子亚型中的阳性表达分别为38.5%、47.1%、75.5%、80.0%,以在ER-/PR-/HER2-型中表达最高,在ER+/PR+/HER2+型中表达最低,四组间的阳性表达比较差异有显著统计学意义(P0.01);S100A14的表达与乳腺癌患者术后肝转移呈正相关(r=0.134,P0.05),与ER、PR表达均呈负相关(r=-0.353,P0.01),而与ER+/PR+/HER2+型、ER+/PR+/HER2-型乳腺癌的临床病理特征无显著相关性(P0.05)。在ER-/PR-/HER2+型乳腺癌中,有腋窝淋巴结转移组患者的S100A14阳性表达率明显高于无腋窝淋巴结转移组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);在ER-/PR-/HER2-型中,S100A14表达与术后肺转移呈负相关(r=-0.272, P=0.044)。结论:S100A14在不同分子亚型乳腺癌中表达存在差异,其表达与不同分子类型乳腺癌转移或复发有关,可能作为乳腺癌分子分型的候选标记物。     

Within‐plant distribution of 1,4‐benzoxazin‐3‐ones contributes to herbivore niche differentiation in maize

Plant defences vary in space and time, which may translate into specific herbivore‐foraging patterns and feeding niche differentiation. To date, little is known about the effect of secondary metabolite patterning on within‐plant herbivore foraging. We investigated how variation in the major maize secondary metabolites, 1,4‐benzoxazin‐3‐one derivatives (BXDs), affects the foraging behaviour of two leaf‐chewing herbivores. BXD levels varied substantially within plants. Older leaves had higher levels of constitutive BXDs while younger leaves were consistently more inducible. These differences were observed independently of plant age, even though the concentrations of most BXDs declined markedly in older plants. Larvae of the well‐adapted maize pest Spodoptera frugiperda preferred and grew better on young inducible leaves irrespective of plant age, while larvae of the generalist Spodoptera littoralis preferred and tended to grow better on old leaves. In BXD‐free mutants, the differences in herbivore weight gain between old and young leaves were absent for both species, and leaf preferences of S. frugiperda were attenuated. In contrast, S. littoralis foraging patterns were not affected. In summary, our study shows that plant secondary metabolites differentially affect performance and foraging of adapted and non‐adapted herbivores and thereby likely contribute to feeding niche differentiation.     

甲型流感病毒M2e通用疫苗的研究进展

流感严重地影响人们的身体健康和工作生活,给社会带来巨大经济损失。疫苗接种是预防流感的有效措施之一,市场上的流感疫苗包括流感灭活疫苗、减毒活疫苗和亚单位疫苗等。这些流感疫苗只能预防相同亚型流感病毒的感染,无法预防不同亚型流感病毒引起的季节性流感和流感大流行,因此迫切需要研发广谱的能预防不同亚型的甲型流感病毒感染的通用疫苗。在此简要介绍甲型流感病毒M2e通用疫苗的研究进展。     

Mantel方法在生态学中的应用

本文介绍了用于分析矩阵之间相关关系的Mantel检验和偏Mantel检验,并用生态学中的实例说明它们的具体应用.     

云南省兰科植物新记录

云南省是中国乃至世界兰科(Orchidaceae)植物最为丰富的地区之一,近年来随着调查研究工作的深入,发现了不少新属、新种、新记录属以及新记录种[1-10]。笔者近年来对云南南部和东南部植物区系进行调查,并通过标本鉴定和相关资料查阅,发现了4个云南新记录属和9个云南新记录种。其中,     

三叶木通茎中的苯丙素类化学成分

为了解三叶木通[Akebia trifoliata(Thunb.)Koidaz]的化学成分,从其茎的乙醇提取物中分离得到7个苯丙素类化合物。经过光谱分析,分别鉴定为osmanthuside E(1)、木通苯乙醇苷B(2)、2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl-(6-O-feruloyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside(3)、dunalianoside D(4)、dunalianoside C(5)、咖啡酸(6)、秦皮乙素(7)。除化合物6外,其他化合物均为首次从该植物中分离获得,化合物4和5为首次从木通属植物中分离得到。     

芽胞杆菌B13液体发酵培养基的优化

目的建立培养技术,开发芽胞杆菌B13的微生态制剂。方法单因素实验后综合考虑,选择红糖、麸皮、豆粕粉、尿素等4个因素,每个因素3水平进行L9(34)正交试验。结果获得芽胞杆菌B13的最优碳源为葡萄糖,最优氮源为豆粕粉,最佳培养基成分为:红糖1%,麸皮1%,豆粕粉0.5%,尿素1%,磷酸氢二钾0.5%,水1 000 mL,pH 7.0~7.2。结论对最优培养基配方进行有效活菌数计数,芽胞杆菌有效活菌数为7.8×109CFU/mL。