Low genetic diversity and population connectivity fuel vulnerability to climate change for the Tertiary relict pine Pinus bungeana

Endemic species are important components of regional biodiversity and hold the key to understanding local adaptation and evolutionary processes that shape species distributions. This study investigated the biogeographic history of a relict conifer Pinus bungeana Zucc. ex Endl. confined to central China. We examined genetic diversity in P. bungeana using genotyping-by-sequencing and chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA markers. We performed spatial and temporal inference of recent genetic and demographic changes, and dissected the impacts of geography and environmental gradients on population differentiation. We then projected P. bungeana's risk of decline under future climates. We found extremely low nucleotide diversity (average π 0.0014), and strong population structure (global F_ST 0.234) even at regional scales, reflecting long-term isolation in small populations. The species experienced severe bottlenecks in the early Pliocene and continued to decline in the Pleistocene in the western distribution, whereas the east expanded recently. Local adaptation played a small (8%) but significant role in population diversity. Low genetic diversity in fragmented populations makes the species highly vulnerable to climate change, particularly in marginal and relict populations. We suggest that conservation efforts should focus on enhancing gene pool and population growth through assisted migration within each genetic cluster to reduce the risk of further genetic drift and extinction.     

Molecular markers of nuclear restoration gene Rf1 in sunflower using bulked segregant analysis-RAPD

Restoration of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in sunflower was demonstrated to be controlled by polygenes by analysing 982 effective crosses among 109 self-crossed lines and 16 CMS lines. Two self-crossed lines and one CMS line with distinct genotypes were applied to creation of segregating populations for DNA bulks of the target gene Rfl. Bulked DNA was prepared in order to investigate single gene Rfl and its gene marker among polygenic characters at the same genetic background. Using 80 10-mer operon primers, 620 RAPD reactions were carried out between fertile and sterile DNA bulks. In about 800 loci, primary results showed that 8 were related to the restoration genes. Furthermore. 2 were confirmed as RAPD markers for gene Rfl by examining 9 maintenance and 7 restoration lines. This method is the improvement for bulked segregant analysis[1] with which markers of single gene of target can be identified rapidly among polygenic characters.     

微生物产生的木聚糖酶的功能和应用

术聚糖是一种异质多糖,主要由木糖和阿拉伯糖组成。微生物产生的木聚糖酶来源广泛,能将木聚糖水解为木寡糖和D-木糖。该酶具有极大的应用价值,如可用于纸浆的漂白以减少环境污染,也可将造纸工业及农业废料中的木聚糖转化为D-木糖。     

质膜H~＋－ATP酶在玉米叶片渗透调节中的作用

干早胁迫下,玉米幼叶生长部位质膜Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性显著上升,游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖和无机离子亦同时在玉米叶片生长部位大量积累,二者之间呈明显的正相关．质膜Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶的专一性抑制剂Ｎａ３ＶＯ４在干旱胁迫下强烈抑制游离脯氨酸的积累,说明ＰＭＨ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ参与了玉米叶片的渗透调节过程．     

钙对生长素诱导的玉米胚芽鞘切段延长生长的影响

１０μｇ／ｇ的ＩＡＡ溶液强烈地促进玉米胚芽鞘切段的延长生长和质子分泌,但这两种效应的启动时间有别．Ｃａ２＋在高浓度下（２—５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）强烈抑制ＩＡＡ诱导的延长生长,但在低浓度下（０．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）则有轻微的促进作用．ＩＡＡ增大质膜相对透性,而Ｃａ２＋则有稳定膜的作用,且适宜的浓度较低（０．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）．