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41.
Mikako SAITO Asako KANEDA Tae SUGIYAMA Ryousuke IIDA Keiko OTOKUNI Misako KABURAGI Hideaki MATSUOKA 《Experimental Animals》2015,64(3):231-239
Exon II of glucokinase (Gk) was deleted to produce a systemic
heterozygous Gk knockout (Gk+/−) mouse. The
relative expression levels of Gk in the heart, lung, liver, stomach, and
pancreas in Gk+/− mice ranged from 0.41–0.68 versus that in
wild (Gk+/+) mice. On the other hand, its expression levels in
the brain, adipose tissue, and muscle ranged from 0.95–1.03, and its expression levels in
the spleen and kidney were nearly zero. Gk knockout caused no remarkable
off-target effect on the expression of 7 diabetes causing genes (Shp,
Hnf1a, Hnf1b, Irs1,
Irs2, Kir6.2, and Pdx1) in 10 organs.
The glucose tolerance test was conducted to determine the blood glucose concentrations
just after fasting for 24 h (FBG) and at 2 h after high-glucose application (GTT2h). The
FBG-GTT2h plots obtained with the wild strain fed the control diet (CD),
Gk+/− strain fed the CD, and
Gk+/− strain fed the HFD were distributed in separate areas
in the FBG-GTT2h diagram. The respective areas could be defined as the normal state,
prediabetes state, and diabetes state, respectively. Based on the results, the criteria
for prediabetes could be defined for the Gk+/− strain
developed in this study. 相似文献
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Alpine ecosystems are extremely vulnerable to climate change. To address the potential variability of the responses of alpine ecosystems to climate change, we examined daily CO2 exchange in relation to major environmental variables. A dataset was obtained from an alpine meadow on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau from eddy covariance measurements taken over 3 years (2002–2004). Path analysis showed that soil temperature at 5 cm depth (Ts5) had the greatest effect on daily variation in ecosystem CO2 exchange all year around, whereas photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) had a high direct effect on daily variation in CO2 flux during the growing season. The combined effects of temperature and light regimes on net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) could be clearly categorized into three areas depending on the change in Ts5: (1) almost no NEE change irrespective of variations in light and temperature when Ts5 was below 0 °C; (2) an NEE increase (i.e. CO2 released from the ecosystem) with increasing Ts5, but little response to variation in light regime when 0 °C≤Ts5≤8 °C; and (3) an NEE decrease with increase in Ts5 and PPFD when Ts5 was approximately >8 °C. The highest daily net ecosystem CO2 uptake was observed under the conditions of daily mean Ts5 of about 15 °C and daily mean PPFD of about 50 mol m−2 day−1. The results suggested that temperature is the most critical determinant of CO2 exchange in this alpine meadow ecosystem and may play an important role in the ecosystem carbon budget under future global warming conditions. 相似文献
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The effects of partial debudding on photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and nitrogen contents of 1-year-old needles and newly grown needles were studied in Picea jezoensis (Sieb. et Zucc.). Seventy-five percent of the buds of P.jezoensis seedlings were removed soon after bud break. Gas exchange was measured three times for 1-year-old needles and twice for current-year needles. The photosynthetic rates of 1-year-old needles were greater in debudded seedlings than in control seedlings, and the difference increased as the growing season progressed. This greater photosynthetic rate in debudded seedlings was accompanied by greater stomatal conductance. However, neither the photosynthetic rates nor the stomatal conductance of current-year needles differed between debudded and control seedlings after the needles had fully expanded. Debudding also had no effect on mass-based nitrogen contents in either the 1-year-old or the current-year needles. Area-based nitrogen in the 1-year-old needles did not differ between debudded and control seedlings, but was greater in debudded seedlings than in control seedlings in current-year needles. These results suggest that the enhanced photosynthetic rate is more likely a result of an increased root/leaf ratio that reduces the stomatal limitation of photosynthetic rate than a result of altered sink-source relationships or increased leaf nitrogen content. 相似文献
49.
The taxonomy of the Australian species of two Ropalidia species groups, the R. stigma group and R. variegata group, is revised and their distribution patterns are discussed. Two species in the R. stigma group (R. darwini and R. elegantula), and four species in the R. variegata group (R. flavinoda, R. gregaria, R. mutabilis and R. revolutionalis) are recognized in Australia, with a new synonymy of R. mutabilis torresiana Richards, 1978, under R. gregaria (de Saussure, 1854). Icaria torrida Smith, 1863, from Seram Island is synonymized with R. unicolor (Smith, 1859). 相似文献
50.
YUICHI TAKEUCHI ATSUSHI KOMAMINE TOMOO SAITO KAZUO WATANABE NAOTAKE MORIKAWA 《Physiologia plantarum》1980,48(4):536-541
Three-day-cultured cells of Vinca rosea L. (in the cell division phase) and 5-day-cultured cells (in the cell expansion phase) prelabelled with d -[U-14C] glucose were incubated in a medium containing unlabelled glucose. After various periods of chase, extra-cellular polysaccharides (ECP) and cell walls were isolated, and cell walls were fractionated into pectic substances, hemicellulose, and cellulose fractions. After acid hydrolysis, the radioactive constituents in the pectic substances and hemicellulose fractions were analyzed. Active turnover was observed in arabinose and galactose in the hemicellulose fraction of cell walls, while the constituents of the pectic substances, and xylose and glucose in the hemicellulose fraction did not undergo active turnover. The proportion of radioactivities of arabinose and galactose in total radioactivity of ECP increased markedly after chasing. These results indicate that arabinogalactan was synthesized, deposited in the cell wall, degraded rapidly, and made soluble in the medium as a part of ECP. 相似文献