全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2869篇 |
免费 | 217篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
专业分类
3088篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 16篇 |
2022年 | 38篇 |
2021年 | 62篇 |
2020年 | 39篇 |
2019年 | 42篇 |
2018年 | 55篇 |
2017年 | 53篇 |
2016年 | 95篇 |
2015年 | 150篇 |
2014年 | 170篇 |
2013年 | 188篇 |
2012年 | 236篇 |
2011年 | 259篇 |
2010年 | 148篇 |
2009年 | 134篇 |
2008年 | 180篇 |
2007年 | 170篇 |
2006年 | 160篇 |
2005年 | 142篇 |
2004年 | 122篇 |
2003年 | 136篇 |
2002年 | 99篇 |
2001年 | 31篇 |
2000年 | 15篇 |
1999年 | 23篇 |
1998年 | 27篇 |
1997年 | 22篇 |
1996年 | 18篇 |
1995年 | 11篇 |
1994年 | 14篇 |
1993年 | 9篇 |
1992年 | 8篇 |
1990年 | 10篇 |
1988年 | 7篇 |
1987年 | 10篇 |
1986年 | 7篇 |
1985年 | 11篇 |
1984年 | 7篇 |
1983年 | 5篇 |
1982年 | 19篇 |
1981年 | 11篇 |
1980年 | 16篇 |
1979年 | 7篇 |
1978年 | 6篇 |
1977年 | 7篇 |
1976年 | 9篇 |
1974年 | 6篇 |
1951年 | 9篇 |
1950年 | 5篇 |
1948年 | 5篇 |
排序方式: 共有3088条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
91.
Predicted climate change implies warmer weather and a higher frequency of extreme weather situations. The consequences of the warm July in 2003 was investigated in contrast to the cold July in 2004 in southern Sweden with focus on the dispersal rate of two species of burnet moths (Zygaenidae). During an extensive mark-release-recapture program in metapopulations of burnet moths substantial differences in inter habitat patch dispersal rates were observed. For two species of Zygaena it was 2.14 and 2.18 times higher during the warm year. Measured patch dispersal rate significantly declined towards the edges of the large study-area, suggesting that individuals disperse outside the study-area. No significant differences in dispersal rates were found between the two species studied. The dispersal rates were similar for both females and males, and no density dependent effects on dispersal or effects of amount of nectar rich flowers were found. Dispersal events appeared as distinct movements, often reaching several kilometres. We conclude that dispersal depend on climatic conditions. Exceptionally warm years may be especially important for survival of certain species in metapopulation systems and this may be crucial for the survival of populations during scenarios of climate change. 相似文献
92.
Sven Schünke Matthias Stoldt Kerstin Novak U Benjamin Kaupp Dieter Willbold 《EMBO reports》2009,10(7):729-735
Cyclic nucleotide‐sensitive ion channels, known as HCN and CNG channels, are crucial in neuronal excitability and signal transduction of sensory cells. HCN and CNG channels are activated by binding of cyclic nucleotides to their intracellular cyclic nucleotide‐binding domain (CNBD). However, the mechanism by which the binding of cyclic nucleotides opens these channels is not well understood. Here, we report the solution structure of the isolated CNBD of a cyclic nucleotide‐sensitive K+ channel from Mesorhizobium loti. The protein consists of a wide anti‐parallel β‐roll topped by a helical bundle comprising five α‐helices and a short 310‐helix. In contrast to the dimeric arrangement (‘dimer‐of‐dimers’) in the crystal structure, the solution structure clearly shows a monomeric fold. The monomeric structure of the CNBD supports the hypothesis that the CNBDs transmit the binding signal to the channel pore independently of each other. 相似文献
93.
The Impact of Energy Management Control Systems on Energy Efficiency in the German Manufacturing Industry 下载免费PDF全文
Although previous studies point to much (untapped) potential for energy efficiency enhancement in industry, empirical research that adapts findings of environmental control to the context of energy management remains widely neglected. Specifically, previous environmental research suggests that the implementation of energy management control systems (EnMCS) could be an effective lever for companies to enhance their production systems and operations toward energy efficiency. Yet, empirical evidence for this theoretical proposition is rather missing; thus, debate continues regarding whether the high investments to set up a comprehensive EnMCS pay off in the long run. Based on a sample of 236 German manufacturing companies, this study combines primary data that capture the configuration of EnMCS with secondary data that were used to calculate energy efficiency. The results provide evidence that the extent of EnMCS implementation positively relates to firms’ energy efficiency. Findings from additional moderation analysis suggest that companies might enhance the relationship of EnMCS and energy efficiency performance by establishing a full‐time energy manager or by using external energy consulting support. 相似文献
94.
George O. Agogo Hilko van der Voet Pieter van’t Veer Pietro Ferrari Max Leenders David C. Muller Emilio Sánchez-Cantalejo Christina Bamia Tonje Braaten Sven Knüppel Ingegerd Johansson Fred A. van Eeuwijk Hendriek Boshuizen 《PloS one》2014,9(11)
In epidemiologic studies, measurement error in dietary variables often attenuates association between dietary intake and disease occurrence. To adjust for the attenuation caused by error in dietary intake, regression calibration is commonly used. To apply regression calibration, unbiased reference measurements are required. Short-term reference measurements for foods that are not consumed daily contain excess zeroes that pose challenges in the calibration model. We adapted two-part regression calibration model, initially developed for multiple replicates of reference measurements per individual to a single-replicate setting. We showed how to handle excess zero reference measurements by two-step modeling approach, how to explore heteroscedasticity in the consumed amount with variance-mean graph, how to explore nonlinearity with the generalized additive modeling (GAM) and the empirical logit approaches, and how to select covariates in the calibration model. The performance of two-part calibration model was compared with the one-part counterpart. We used vegetable intake and mortality data from European Prospective Investigation on Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. In the EPIC, reference measurements were taken with 24-hour recalls. For each of the three vegetable subgroups assessed separately, correcting for error with an appropriately specified two-part calibration model resulted in about three fold increase in the strength of association with all-cause mortality, as measured by the log hazard ratio. Further found is that the standard way of including covariates in the calibration model can lead to over fitting the two-part calibration model. Moreover, the extent of adjusting for error is influenced by the number and forms of covariates in the calibration model. For episodically consumed foods, we advise researchers to pay special attention to response distribution, nonlinearity, and covariate inclusion in specifying the calibration model. 相似文献
95.
Sen A Baxa U Simon MN Wall JS Sabate R Saupe SJ Steven AC 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2007,282(8):5545-5550
Fungal prions are infectious filamentous polymers of proteins that are soluble in uninfected cells. In its prion form, the HET-s protein of Podospora anserina participates in a fungal self/non-self recognition phenomenon called heterokaryon incompatibility. Like other prion proteins, HET-s has a so-called "prion domain" (its C-terminal region, HET-s-(218-289)) that is responsible for induction and propagation of the prion in vivo and for fibril formation in vitro. Prion fibrils are thought to have amyloid backbones of polymerized prion domains. A relatively detailed model has been proposed for prion domain fibrils of HET-s based on a variety of experimental constraints (Ritter, C., Maddelein, M. L., Siemer, A. B., Luhrs, T., Ernst, M., Meier, B. H., Saupe, S. J., and Riek, R. (2005) Nature 435, 844-848). To test specific predictions of this model, which envisages axial stacking of beta-solenoids with two coils per subunit, we examined fibrils by electron microscopy. Electron diffraction gave a prominent meridional reflection at (0.47 nm)(-1), indicative of cross-beta structure, as predicted. STEM (scanning transmission electron microscopy) mass-per-unit-length measurements yielded 1.02 +/- 0.16 subunits per 0.94 nm, in agreement with the model prediction (1 subunit per 0.94 nm). This is half the packing density of approximately 1 subunit per 0.47 nm previously obtained for fibrils of the yeast prion proteins, Ure2p and Sup35p, whence it follows that the respective amyloid architectures are basically different. 相似文献
96.
Partially purified prostacyclin synthase from pig aorta converted the prostaglandin (PG) endoperoxide PGH2 to prostacyclin (PGI2), and PGH1 to 12-hydroxy-8,10-heptadecadienoic acid (HHD). Both reactions were inhibited by 15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HP) in a dose-dependent fashion. However, the reactions PGH2 → PGI2 and PGH1 → HHD appeared to differ: substrate availability was rate limiting in the latter reaction, while the enzyme became rapidly saturated with PGH2 and a steady rate of prostacyclin formation was observed at higher substrate levels. 相似文献
97.
98.
Madsen DH Ingvarsen S Jürgensen HJ Melander MC Kjøller L Moyer A Honoré C Madsen CA Garred P Burgdorf S Bugge TH Behrendt N Engelholm LH 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2011,286(30):26996-27010
The degradation of collagens, the most abundant proteins of the extracellular matrix, is involved in numerous physiological and pathological conditions including cancer invasion. An important turnover pathway involves cellular internalization and degradation of large, soluble collagen fragments, generated by initial cleavage of the insoluble collagen fibers. We have previously observed that in primary mouse fibroblasts, this endocytosis of collagen fragments is dependent on the receptor urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-associated protein (uPARAP)/Endo180. Others have identified additional mechanisms of collagen uptake, with different associated receptors, in other cell types. These receptors include β1-integrins, being responsible for collagen phagocytosis, and the mannose receptor. We have now utilized a newly developed monoclonal antibody against uPARAP/Endo180, which down-regulates the receptor protein level on treated cells, to examine the role of uPARAP/Endo180 as a mediator of collagen internalization by a wide range of cultured cell types. With the exception of macrophages, all cells that proved capable of efficient collagen internalization were of mesenchymal origin and all of these utilized uPARAP/Endo180 for their collagen uptake process. Macrophages internalized collagen in a process mediated by the mannose receptor, a protein belonging to the same protein family as uPARAP/Endo180. β1-Integrins were found not to be involved in the endocytosis of soluble collagen, irrespectively of whether this was mediated by uPARAP/Endo180 or the mannose receptor. This further distinguishes these pathways from the phagocytic uptake of particulate collagen. 相似文献
99.
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is potent and highly specific for gene silencing and there is currently a lot of enthusiasm for developing siRNA into a drug. However, for most therapeutic applications of siRNA, delivery systems are needed. These delivery systems have multiple requirements and should on one hand ideally be stable carriers protecting the siRNA from degradation and on the other hand assist the siRNA in overcoming membrane barriers for intracellular delivery to the cytosol. Long-circulating liposomes, which are sensitive to secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) are feasible delivery systems for systemic administration of drugs due to their passive targeting to pathological tissue via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and their site-specific, enzyme-triggered release of encapsulated drug in response to sPLA2 which exists locally at elevated levels at, e.g,. sites of inflammation. However, recent data suggest that endosomal membrane destabilizing approaches could be addressed to design sPLA2-sensitive liposomes as successful delivery systems for siRNA to the RNA interference pathway in the cytoplasm upon systemic administration. 相似文献
100.