Induction of S100 protein in 3T3-L1 cells during differentiation to adipocytes and its liberating by lipolytic hormones

When confluent cultures of cloned mouse 3T3-L1 cells were differentiated to adipocytes by three days of treatment with a combination of 0.5 microM dexamethasone and 0.5 mM 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine, the S100 protein content in the cells increased markedly, as determined by a sensitive immunoassay system. The S100 protein induced in the cell was the alpha alpha form (S100ao), which is the predominant form of S100 protein in mouse adipose tissue. The S100ao concentration in preadipocytes was about 1-3 ng/mg protein, while the concentration in differentiated adipocytes was 60-200 ng/mg protein. The immunoblotting test of the crude extract of adipocytes confirmed that the immunoreactive substance in the cells was the alpha subunit of S100 protein. The treatment with 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine or dexamethasone alone neither elicited the S100 protein induction nor triacylglycerols accumulation in the cells. The accumulation of triacyglycerols in the cells was always preceded by the induction of S100ao protein under conditions where the differentiation to adipocytes was elicited. The induction of S100ao protein and accumulation of triacylglycerols in the cells treated with dexamethasone and 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine were inhibited by the addition of antimicrotubular drugs, colchicine and vinblastine, but not by cytochalasin B, an antimicrofilament drug. S100ao protein in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was released by incubation with a lipolytic hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone or catecholamines, in a cyclic-AMP-dependent manner as observed with rat epididymal fat pads [Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1986) 889, 84-90]. These results also suggest that S100 protein may participate in the function of adipocytes.     

Effects of monoenergetic X-rays with resonance energy of bromine K-absorption edge on bromouracil-labelled E. coli cells

In order to examine enhanced killing that might be induced by Auger cascades in the incorporated atoms in cells, bromouracil(BrU)-labelled E. coli cells were irradiated with monoenergetic X-rays at 13.49 and 12.40keV, just above and below the K-absorption edge of bromine. In both cases BrU-labelled cells were more sensitive for killing than were normal cells. However, when the degree of BrU-sensitization was compared between the two energies of X-rays, the enhanced killing at 13.49 keV was only small, 2 +/- 8 per cent based on the D0 value in saline. By the addition of DMSO, which is believed to suppress radical-mediated effects, killing of BrU-labelled cells was enhanced at 13.49 keV by 8 +/- 4 per cent as compared with 12.40 keV, based on D0. These results have been examined in terms of absorbed energy in BrU-labelled cells and in terms of the number of induced Auger events.     

Gene organization in the region containing a new gene involved in chromosome partition in Escherichia coli.

A new mutation, parC, causing abnormal chromosome segregation was identified in two thermosensitive mutants of Escherichia coli. The thermosensitive growth of the mutants was corrected by pLC4-14 in the Clarke-Carbon collection. This plasmid carries a putative gene which can suppress the cell division defect due to ftsI (pbpB) and has hence been termed sufI (sui). The nearness of parC to metC was confirmed, and cotransduction frequency of parC was 59% with metC and 20% with glc. The parC-sufI region was analyzed by subcloning the chromosome region of pLC4-14. The parC and the sufI gene products were electrophoretically identified as proteins of 75 and 55 kilodaltons (kDa), respectively. The allelism of parC+ on pLC4-14 to parC1215 was confirmed by cloning parC1215. The sufI gene appeared to be dispensable for cell viability, and overproduction of its product caused suppression of ftsI. An essential gene coding for a 25-kDa protein was found between the parC and the sufI gene. These three genes were transcribed in the same direction and may be organized into an operon, with parC to the proximal side and with internal promoters at least for the distal genes. The localization of the gene products was examined in maxicells. The sufI protein was synthesized as a precursor which could be chased into a mature form. The major part of the mature form was found in the soluble fraction. The 25-kDa protein was found almost exclusively in the membrane fraction. The parC protein was associated with the membrane fraction in the presence of Mg2+ but found in the soluble fraction when Mg2+ was sequestered with EDTA.     

Gene structure of human thrombomodulin, a cofactor for thrombin-catalyzed activation of protein C

The gene coding for human thrombomodulin, a thrombin receptor on endothelial cells and a cofactor for the activation of anticoagulant protein C zymogen, was isolated from a human genomic library by employing human thrombomodulin cDNA as a probe. The nucleotide sequences of the gene and the adjacent 5' and 3' flanking regions were then determined. The nucleotide sequence of this gene with approximately 3.7 kilobase pairs was identical to that of the cDNA, indicating that the gene for human thrombomodulin is free of introns. Hybridization data showed that there is only a single thrombomodulin gene in the human genome.     

Transport of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol across plasma membranes in rat hepatoma cells

The transport of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (AG) across plasma membranes was investigated in rat hepatoma cells, Reuber H-35. The AG uptake by the cells showed a concentration gradient dependency: the uptake was saturated within 40 s, which was less than one-third of the saturation time for 2-deoxy-D-glucose (DG) uptake. Furthermore, the Km value of the transport system for AG was higher than 100 mM. Though AG has a pyranoid structure resembling that of glucose, AG did not compete for cellular uptake with DG, D-glucose or 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, which are taken into cells through the glucose transporters. Conversely, the DG transport was not inhibited by AG at concentrations up to 50 mM. AG transport was hardly inhibited by 10 microM cytochalasin B, which strongly inhibits glucose transporters. In contrast, the AG transport was inhibited by 100 microM phloretin much more strongly than the DG transport when cells were preincubated with the inhibitor; the inhibition constant was 28.0 microM. The AG transport was not inhibited by 100 microM phloridzin, while the DG uptake was slightly inhibited by phloridzin. On the basis of these observations we propose that the AG uptake into rat hepatoma cells is mediated by a carrier distinct from glucose transporters.     

Maternal inheritance of deleted mitochondrial DNA in a family with mitochondrial myopathy

Skeletal muscles from a mother and her daughter both with chronic progressive ophthalmoplegia were analyzed. Histological and biochemical analyses of their muscle samples showed typical features of this type of mitochondrial myopathy. Southern blot analysis revealed that, in both patients, there were two species of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): normal one and partially deleted one. The sizes of the deletion were different; the mutant mtDNAs from the mother and the daughter had about 2.5- and 5-kilobase deletions, respectively. The two mutant mtDNAs shared a common deleted region of 1.2-kilobase. However, both the start and the end of deletion were different between them, implying a novel mode of inheritance. This is the first report that the mutant mtDNA is responsible for the maternal inheritance of a human disease.     

Interaction between alpha 1 and beta 1 subunits of human hemoglobin

We prepared normal and modified alpha and beta globulin chains in which C-terminal residues were enzymatically removed. The CD spectra of the deoxy form of these chains and the reconstituted modified Hb's were measured in the Soret region. The CD spectra of the modified Hb's were markedly different from the arithmetic means of respective spectra of their constituent chains. This difference was ascribed to the interaction between alpha 1 and beta 1 subunits to make the alpha 1 beta 1 dimer. The peak wavelength of the difference CD spectra could be classified into two groups, one was 433 +/- 1 nm and the other 437 +/- 1 nm. A comparison of this classification with the previously identified quaternary structures revealed that the R and T structures showed a maximum of the difference CD spectra at 437 +/- 1 nm and 433 +/- 1 nm, respectively. These results indicated that the R and T structures differed in the interaction between alpha 1 and beta 1 subunits.     

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D stimulates sodium-dependent phosphate transport by renal outer cortical brush-border membrane vesicles by directly affecting membrane fluidity

We examined the effects of several forms of vitamin D added to renal brush-border membrane suspensions on phosphate and glucose transport and on membrane fluidity. The 1,25-D stimulated and the other vitamin D decreased phosphate uptake. In contrast, glucose uptake was not affected by the treatment of vitamin D. The 1,25-D resulted in a significant shift of the lower transition temperature in Arrhenius plots for phosphate, but not for glucose uptakes, from 15 degrees C to 11.5 degrees C. These data indicate that the 1,25-D may alter membrane fluidity, limited to the phosphate transporter, thus affecting the phosphate uptake.     

Cloning of cDNA encoding human H-protein, a constituent of the glycine cleavage system

A cDNA that encodes human H-protein, a constituent protein of the glycine cleavage system, was cloned with anti-rat H-protein antibody as a probe from a human liver cDNA library constructed with an expression vector, lambda gt11. The longest size of cDNA of the isolated clones was about 750 base long (lambda HH15B9). On the other hand, we determined the primary structure of human H-protein from the amino terminal Ser by the 12th Val, including a hexapeptide, -Glu-Lys-His-Glu-Trp-Val-. In addition to the finding that most cDNA inserts cloned hybridized with the synthetic DNA probe composed of the possible sequences for the hexapeptide, we confirmed that lambda HH15B9 encodes the partial primary structure of H-protein in an open reading frame.