全文获取类型
收费全文 | 47394篇 |
免费 | 3354篇 |
国内免费 | 19篇 |
专业分类
50767篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 52篇 |
2023年 | 175篇 |
2022年 | 565篇 |
2021年 | 912篇 |
2020年 | 568篇 |
2019年 | 682篇 |
2018年 | 1027篇 |
2017年 | 906篇 |
2016年 | 1477篇 |
2015年 | 2320篇 |
2014年 | 2666篇 |
2013年 | 2978篇 |
2012年 | 3939篇 |
2011年 | 3778篇 |
2010年 | 2392篇 |
2009年 | 2184篇 |
2008年 | 3028篇 |
2007年 | 2909篇 |
2006年 | 2540篇 |
2005年 | 2356篇 |
2004年 | 2161篇 |
2003年 | 1864篇 |
2002年 | 1614篇 |
2001年 | 1301篇 |
2000年 | 1228篇 |
1999年 | 990篇 |
1998年 | 393篇 |
1997年 | 338篇 |
1996年 | 245篇 |
1995年 | 209篇 |
1994年 | 207篇 |
1993年 | 172篇 |
1992年 | 326篇 |
1991年 | 295篇 |
1990年 | 266篇 |
1989年 | 226篇 |
1988年 | 173篇 |
1987年 | 163篇 |
1986年 | 131篇 |
1985年 | 105篇 |
1984年 | 78篇 |
1983年 | 84篇 |
1982年 | 63篇 |
1981年 | 53篇 |
1980年 | 54篇 |
1979年 | 69篇 |
1978年 | 51篇 |
1977年 | 50篇 |
1976年 | 43篇 |
1974年 | 63篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
971.
972.
Jong‐Rok Jeon Eun‐Ju Kim Kumarasamy Murugesan Hyo‐Keun Park Young‐Mo Kim Jung‐Hee Kwon Wang‐Gi Kim Ji‐Yeon Lee Yoon‐Seok Chang 《Microbial biotechnology》2010,3(3):324-335
Laccase efficiently catalyses polymerization of phenolic compounds. However, knowledge on applications of polymers synthesized in this manner remains scarce. Here, the potential of laccase-catalysed polymerization of natural phenols to form products useful in hair dyeing was investigated. All 15 tested phenols yielded coloured products after laccase treatment and colour diversity was attained by using mixtures of two phenolic monomers. After exploring colour differentiation pattern of 120 different reactions with statistical regression analysis, three monomer combinations, namely gallic acid and syringic acid, catechin and catechol, and ferulic acid and syringic acid, giving rise to brown, black, and red materials, respectively, were further characterized because such colours are commercially important for grey hair dyeing. Selected polymers could strongly absorb visible light and their hydrodynamic sizes ranged from 100 to 400 nm. Analyses of enzyme kinetic constants, liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) coupled with collision-induced dissociation MS/MS indicate that both monomers in reactions involving catechin and catechol, and ferulic acid and syringic acid, are coloured by heteropolymer synthesis, but the gallic acid/syringic acid combination is based on homopolymer mixture formation. Comparison of colour parameters from these three reactions with those of corresponding artificial homopolymer mixtures also supported the idea that laccase may catalyse either hetero- or homo-polymer synthesis. We finally used selected materials to dye grey hair. Each material coloured hair appropriately and the dyeing showed excellent resistance to conventional shampooing. Our study indicates that laccase-catalysed polymerization of natural phenols is applicable to the development of new cosmetic pigments. 相似文献
973.
Hyuk Woo Lee Hea Ok Kim Won Jun Choi Sun Choi Jin Hee Lee Seul-gi Park Lena Yoo Kenneth A. Jacobson Lak Shin Jeong 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry》2010,18(19):7015-7021
We synthesized homologated truncated 4′-thioadenosine analogues 3 in which a methylene (CH2) group was inserted in place of the glycosidic bond of a potent and selective A3 adenosine receptor antagonist 2. The analogues were designed to induce maximum binding interaction in the binding site of the A3 adenosine receptor. However, all homologated nucleosides were devoid of binding affinity at all subtypes of adenosine receptors, indicating that free rotation through the single bond allowed the compound to adopt an indefinite number of conformations, disrupting the favorable binding interaction essential for receptor recognition. 相似文献
974.
Hye-Kyeong Kim Min-Kyong Kwon Jin-Nam Kim Chang-Kwon Kim Yeon-Ju Lee Hee Jae Shin Joongku Lee Hyi-Seung Lee 《Phytochemistry letters》2010,3(4):238-241
Two new fatty acid glucosides, 1,6-di-O-octanoyl-β-D-glucopyranose (1) and 6-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-1-O-decanoyl-β-D-glucopyranose (2), were isolated from a methanol extract of the fruit of Morinda citrifolia L. along with five known saccharide fatty acid esters. The structures of these compounds were determined by combination of spectral and chemical analyses. These fatty acid glucosides exhibited inhibitory effect against copper-induced low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Compound 2 had the strongest effect, which was almost comparable to that of butylated hydroxytoluene. 相似文献
975.
Bhaskar Kahali Jee‐Eun Kim Umesh Karandikar Clifton P. Bishop Ashok P. Bidwai 《Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000)》2010,48(1):44-55
Analysis of the retinal defects of a CK2 phosphomimetic variant of E(spl)M8 (M8S159D) and the truncated protein M8* encoded by the E(spl)D allele, suggest that the nonphosphorylated CtD “autoinhibits” repression. We have investigated this model by testing for inhibition (in “trans”) by the CtD fragment in its nonphosphorylated (M8‐CtD) and phosphomimetic (M8SD‐CtD) states. In N+ flies, ectopic M8‐CtD compromises lateral inhibition, i.e., elicits supernumerary bristles as with loss of N signaling. This antimorphic activity of M8‐CtD strongly rescues the reduced eye and/or bristle loss phenotypes that are elicited by ectopic M8SD or wild type M8. Additionally, the severely reduced eye of Nspl/Y; E(spl)D/+ flies is also rescued by M8‐CtD. Rescue is specific to the time and place, the morphogenetic furrow, where “founding” R8 photoreceptors are specified. In contrast, the phosphomimetic M8SD‐CtD that is predicted to be deficient for autoinhibition, exhibits significantly attenuated or negligible activity. These studies provide evidence that autoinhibition by the CtD regulates M8 activity in a phosphorylation‐dependent manner. genesis 48:44–55, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
976.
Hydrogen was produced by an ethanol-acetate fermentation at pH of 5.0 +/- 0.2 and HRT of 3 days. The yield of hydrogen was 100-200 ml g Glu(-1) with a hydrogen content of 25-40%. This fluctuation in the hydrogen yield was attributed to the formation of propionate and the activity of hydrogen utilizing methanogens. The change in the operational pH for the inhibition of this methanogenic activity induced a change in the main fermentation pathway. In this study, the main products were butyrate, ethanol and propionate, in the pH ranges 4.0-4.5, 4.5-5.0 and 5.0-6.0, respectively. However, the activity of all the microorganisms was inhibited below pH 4.0. Therefore, pH 4.0 was regarded as the operational limit for the anaerobic bio-hydrogen production process. These results indicate that the pH plays an important role in determining the type of anaerobic fermentation pathway in anaerobic bio-hydrogen processes. 相似文献
977.
The effect of tea polyphenol (TP) on cognitive and anti-cholinesterase activity was examined in scopolamine-treated mice. Chronic administration of TP significantly reversed scopolamine-induced retention deficits in both step-through passive avoidance and spontaneous alternation behavior tasks. Furthermore, TP exhibited a dramatic inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase activity. This finding suggests that TP might be useful in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. 相似文献
978.
The introduction of antigen retrieval (AR) techniques has dramatically improved the sensitivity of immunohistochemical detection of various antigens in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. The microwave-heating and pressure-cooking procedures are the most effective AR methods reported to date. Although extensive efforts have been made to optimize AR procedures using these two methods, previous studies have not led to a standard protocol applicable to all antibodies derived from different clones. In this study we have investigated the optimal AR buffer conditions for 29 antibodies that are in common use for diagnostic purposes in hospitals worldwide. Borate (pH 8.0) and Tris buffer (pH 9.5) yielded the highest retrieved antigen immunoreactivity against most antibodies as compared to other buffers tested. In addition, the microwave pressure-cooking gave better results than microwave-heating alone. Therefore, borate (pH 8.0) or Tris (pH 9.5) buffer used in conjunction with the pressure-cooking procedure is strongly recommended for standard routine use. 相似文献
979.
980.
CHRK1 encodes a tobacco receptor-like kinase that contains a chitinase-like sequence in the extracellular domain. In a previous study, CHRK1-suppressed transgenic tobacco plants exhibited pleiotropic developmental abnormalities including spontaneous growth of shooty callus from emerging embryos in the absence of any exogenous hormones. In this study, we show that the CHRK1 shooty callus mimics tobacco genetic tumors in its morphology, physiology, and gene expression profiles. Similar to CHRK1 shooty callus, tobacco genetic tumors exhibit shooty callus morphology and hormone-independent shoot organogenesis. Both the CHRK1 callus and genetic tumors constitutively expressed KNOTTED1-type homeobox genes at the high levels, consistent with their vigorous shoot formation. These two types of calli exhibited cell death phenotypes, accompanied by high H2O2 production, increased ion leakage, and callose accumulation. Consistently, both types of calli constitutively expressed high levels of defense genes induced during pathogen-mediated HR cell death. These results, together with previous reports that both the CHRK1 shooty callus and tobacco genetic tumor contained high levels of cytokinin, indicate that CHRK1 shooty callus is a phenocopy of tobacco genetic tumor. CHRK1-mediated signal transduction may play a role in the formation of the genetic tumor in tobacco. 相似文献