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191.
Daniels JP Hunc K Cochrane DD Carr R Shaw NT Taylor A Heathcote S Brant R Lim J Ansermino JM 《CMAJ》2012,184(1):29-34
Background:
Identifying adverse events and near misses is essential to improving safety in the health care system. Patients are capable of reliably identifying and reporting adverse events. The effect of a patient safety reporting system used by families of pediatric inpatients on reporting of adverse events by health care providers has not previously been investigated.Methods:
Between Nov. 1, 2008, and Nov. 30, 2009, families of children discharged from a single ward of British Columbia’s Children’s Hospital were asked to respond to a questionnaire about adverse events and near misses during the hospital stay. Rates of reporting by health care providers for this period were compared with rates for the previous year. Family reports for specific incidents were matched with reports by health care providers to determine overlap.Results:
A total of 544 familes responded to the questionnaire. The estimated absolute increase in reports by health care providers per 100 admissions was 0.5% (95% confidence interval −1.8% to 2.7%). A total of 321 events were identified in 201 of the 544 family reports. Of these, 153 (48%) were determined to represent legitimate patient safety concerns. Only 8 (2.5%) of the adverse events reported by families were also reported by health care providers.Interpretation:
The introduction of a family-based system for reporting adverse events involving pediatric inpatients, administered at the time of discharge, did not change rates of reporting of adverse events and near misses by health care providers. Most reports submitted by families were not duplicated in the reporting system for health care providers, which suggests that families and staff members view safety-related events differently. However, almost half of the family reports represented legitimate patient safety concerns. Families appeared capable of providing valuable information for improving the safety of pediatric inpatients.It has been estimated that adverse events occur in about 1% of children treated in hospital and that, on average, 60% of these events are preventable.1 To increase institutional awareness of adverse events, hospitals have implemented systems to encourage health care providers to report adverse events.2 The reporting of adverse events can be improved by making electronic systems for reporting readily accessible3 and by ensuring a “just culture,” which includes nonpunitive reporting policies.4 However, adverse events reported by health care providers account for only a small fraction of total adverse events as determined by chart review.5 Time pressures to treat patients, fear of punishment, lack of belief in the benefit of reporting and differing opinions of what defines a reportable event contribute to low reporting rates.6 However, patients and their families are readily available, keen and motivated observers who may not be subject to these reporting barriers. Family members are capable of observing and reporting adverse events in a variety of clinical settings.7 It is known that the interpretation of safety events and the threshold for reporting differ among health care disciplines and individual health care providers.6 However, it is not clear how families of pediatric patients interpret safety-related events or what their threshold would be for reporting events.The purpose of this study was to test whether the introduction of an adverse event reporting system for use by families of pediatric patients at the time of discharge from a surgical ward would significantly change the rate of reporting of adverse events by health care providers. We also evaluated the types of events that families reported, the relevance of these events with respect to patient safety, families’ desires for anonymous reporting and families’ assessments of institutional responses to reported events. We anticipated that health care providers’ reporting rates would rise with the introduction of the family reporting system, on the assumption that greater attention would be paid to reporting safety-related events on the ward. We also anticipated that families would provide useful information about safety-related events, at least some of the time. In particular, we thought that facilitating communication from the patient’s family directly to the study institution’s Quality, Safety and Outcome Improvement Department would allow more opportunities to improve safety through changes in practice. 相似文献192.
193.
194.
Exposure of platelets to toxins (calyculin A or okadaic acid) that inhibit protein serine/threonine phosphatases types 1 and 2A, at concentrations that block aggregatory and secretory responses, results in the phosphorylation of several platelet proteins including integrin beta(3). Since protein phosphorylation represents a balance between kinase and phosphatase activities, this increase in phosphorylation reflects either the removal of phosphatases that oppose constitutively active kinases known to reside in the platelet (e.g., casein kinase 2) or the activation of endogenous kinases. In this study, we demonstrate that the addition of calyculin A promotes the activation of several endogenous platelet protein kinases, including p42/44(mapk), p38(mapk), Akt/PKB, and LKB1. Using a pharmacologic approach, we assessed whether inhibition of these and other enzymes block phosphorylation of beta(3). Inhibitors of p38(mapk), casein kinase, AMP kinase, protein kinase C, and calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinases did not block phosphorylation of beta(3) on thr(753). In contrast, 5'-iodotubercidin, at 50 muM, blocks beta(3) phosphorylation without affecting the efficacy of calyculin A to inhibit platelet aggregation and spreading. These data dissociate threonine phosphorylation of beta(3) molecules and inhibition of platelet responses by protein phosphatase inhibitors. 相似文献
195.
Spatial separation of litter decomposition and mycorrhizal nitrogen uptake in a boreal forest 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Lindahl BD Ihrmark K Boberg J Trumbore SE Högberg P Stenlid J Finlay RD 《The New phytologist》2007,173(3):611-620
Our understanding of how saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi interact to re-circulate carbon and nutrients from plant litter and soil organic matter is limited by poor understanding of their spatiotemporal dynamics. In order to investigate how different functional groups of fungi contribute to carbon and nitrogen cycling at different stages of decomposition, we studied changes in fungal community composition along vertical profiles through a Pinus sylvestris forest soil. We combined molecular identification methods with 14C dating of the organic matter, analyses of carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratios and 15N natural abundance measurements. Saprotrophic fungi were primarily confined to relatively recently (< 4 yr) shed litter components on the surface of the forest floor, where organic carbon was mineralized while nitrogen was retained. Mycorrhizal fungi dominated in the underlying, more decomposed litter and humus, where they apparently mobilized N and made it available to their host plants. Our observations show that the degrading and nutrient-mobilizing components of the fungal community are spatially separated. This has important implications for biogeochemical studies of boreal forest ecosystems. 相似文献
196.
Melles DC van Leeuwen WB Snijders SV Horst-Kreft D Peeters JK Verbrugh HA van Belkum A 《Journal of microbiological methods》2007,69(2):371-375
We compared multilocus sequence typing (MLST), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) for typing of Staphylococcus aureus and show that the methods yield similar results, although with differences in resolving power and reproducibility. Epidemiological conditions should determine which is the optimal typing method to be used. 相似文献
197.
Susan Singer John Sollinger Sonja Maki Jason Fishbach Brad Short Catherine Reinke Jennifer Fick Laura Cox Andrew McCall Heidi Mullen 《The Botanical review》1999,65(4):385-410
We are characterizing a suiteof Pisum sativum mutants that alter inflorescence architecture to construct a model for the genetic regulation of inflorescence development
in a plant with a compound raceme. Such a model, when compared with those created forAntirrhinum majus andArabidopsis thaliana, both of which have simple racemes, should provide insight into the evolution of the development of inflorescence architecture.
The highly conserved nature of cloned genes that regulate reproductive development in plants and the morphological similarities
among our mutants and those identified inA. majus andA. thaliana enhance the probability that a developmental genetics approach will be fruitful. Here we describe sixP. sativum mutants that affect morphologically and architecturally distinct aspects of the inflorescence, and we analyze interactions
among these genes. Both vegetative and inflorescence growth of the primary axis is affected byUNIFOLIA TA, which is necessary for the function ofDETERMINATE (DET).DET maintains indeterminacy in the first-order axis. In its absence, the meristem differentiates as a stub covered with epidermal
hairs.DET interacts withVEGETATIVE1 (VEG1).VEG1 appears essential for second-order inflorescence (I2) development.veg1 mutants fail to flower or differentiate the I2 meristem into a rudimentary stub,det veg1 double mutants produce true terminal flowers with no stubs, indicating that two genes must be eliminated for terminal flower
formation inP. sativum, whereas elimination of a single gene accomplishes this inA. thaliana andA. majus. NEPTUNE also affects I2 development by limiting to two the number of flowers produced prior to stub formation. Its role is independent ofDET, as indicated by the additive nature of the double mutantdet nep. UNI, BROC, and PIM all play roles in assigning floral meristem identity to the third-order branch.pim mutants continue to produce inflorescence branches, resulting in a highly complex architecture and aberrant flowers.uni mutants initiate a whorl of sepals, but floral organogenesis is aberrant beyond that developmental point, and the double
mutantuni pim lacks identifiable floral organs. A wild-type phenotype is observed inbroc plants, butbroc enhancesthe pim phenotype in the double mutant, producing inflorescences that resemble broccoli. Collectively these genes ensure that only
the third-order meristem, not higher- or lower-order meristems, generates floral organs, thus precisely regulating the overall
architecture of the plant.
Gene symbols used in this article: For clarity a common symbolization is used for genes of all species discussed in this article.
Genes are symbolized with italicized capital letters. Mutant alleles are represented by lowercase, italicized letters. In
both cases, the number immediately following the gene symbol differentiates among genes with the same symbol. If there are
multiple alleles, a hyphen followed by a number is used to distinguish alleles. Protein products are represented by capital
letters without italics. 相似文献
198.
Molecular Analysis of the Microbial Diversity Present in the Colonic Wall, Colonic Lumen, and Cecal Lumen of a Pig 总被引:5,自引:5,他引:5 下载免费PDF全文
Susan E. Pryde Anthony J. Richardson Colin S. Stewart Harry J. Flint 《Applied microbiology》1999,65(12):5372-5377
Random clones of 16S ribosomal DNA gene sequences were isolated after PCR amplification with eubacterial primers from total genomic DNA recovered from samples of the colonic lumen, colonic wall, and cecal lumen from a pig. Sequences were also obtained for cultures isolated anaerobically from the same colonic-wall sample. Phylogenetic analysis showed that many sequences were related to those of Lactobacillus or Streptococcus spp. or fell into clusters IX, XIVa, and XI of gram-positive bacteria. In addition, 59% of randomly cloned sequences showed less than 95% similarity to database entries or sequences from cultivated organisms. Cultivation bias is also suggested by the fact that the majority of isolates (54%) recovered from the colon wall by culturing were related to Lactobacillus and Streptococcus, whereas this group accounted for only one-third of the sequence variation for the same sample from random cloning. The remaining cultured isolates were mainly Selenomonas related. A higher proportion of Lactobacillus reuteri-related sequences than of Lactobacillus acidophilus- and Lactobacillus amylovorus-related sequences were present in the colonic-wall sample. Since the majority of bacterial ribosomal sequences recovered from the colon wall are less than 95% related to known organisms, the roles of many of the predominant wall-associated bacteria remain to be defined. 相似文献
199.
200.
Andreas Wilting Anna Cord Andrew J. Hearn Deike Hesse Azlan Mohamed Carl Traeholdt Susan M. Cheyne Sunarto Sunarto Mohd-Azlan Jayasilan Joanna Ross Aurélie C. Shapiro Anthony Sebastian Stefan Dech Christine Breitenmoser Jim Sanderson J. W. Duckworth Heribert Hofer 《PloS one》2010,5(3)