ROOT PRODUCTION IN FOUR COMMUNITIES IN THE GREAT DISMAL SWAMP

A sequential coring approach was used to measure root biomass and production over 1 year in four different communities within the Great Dismal Swamp. A second method, an implanted bag technique, was also used to measure root production, and values were generally lower using this technique. On all sites, fine roots were the most dynamic root component. Both biomass (1,887 g/m²) and production (354–989 g m ² yr^-1) were highest on the mixed hardwood site, the least flooded site, and second highest on the cedar site, the site with the longest duration of soil saturation (1,033 g/m² and 274–366 g m^-2 yr^-1). The maple-gum (696 g/m² and 59–91 g m^-2 yr^-1) and cypress (824 g/m² and 68–308 g m^-2 yr^-1) sites had similarly low amounts of biomass and rates of production. Environmental parameters that influenced production include frequency and duration of flooding, and soil type. Peaks in belowground production were observed on the most productive sites (mixed hardwood and cedar) in summer and late fall-winter; the other two sites exhibited little seasonal variability. The least flooded stand appears to allocate a greater percentage of net primary production belowground than the more extensively flooded stands. The ratio of above- and belowground allocation appears to change in response to a flooding gradient. This has major implications for ecosystem functions as carbon allocation patterns determine the array of litter types generated (leaves vs. roots) which affect decomposition rates and nutrient availability.     

Variability in response to UV-B among species and strains of Metarhizium isolated from sites at latitudes from 61 degrees N to 54 degrees S.

The effects of irradiances of 920 and 1200 mW m(-2) (biologically effective weighted irradiance) were examined in 2 Metarhizium album strains, 26 M. anisopliae strains, 1 M. flavoviride strain, and 1 M. taii strain isolated from sites located at latitudes from 61 degrees N to 54 degrees S. Conidia were exposed to UV-B from 1 to 6 h and subsequently examined for relative percentage culturability. Total dosage received at the end of the exposure periods ranged from 3.3 to 19.9 kJ m(-2) for the lower irradiance and from 4.3 to 25.9 kJ m(-2) for the higher irradiance. Both the irradiance values and the doses are environmentally realistic and can be observed even in temperate regions. The relationships between latitude of origin and UV-B tolerance were compared for the two levels of irradiance for the data from 1 and 2 h exposure. Exposure to both irradiances drastically reduced the relative percentage culturability of all strains. Tolerance to UV-B varied widely among strains and high variation was observed for both irradiances after all periods of exposure. After 1 h of exposure, a difference between the two irradiance levels was detectable, and this difference was magnified at longer irradiations. A significant quadratic relationship of decreasing UV-B tolerance with increasing latitude was observed after exposure of 1 and 2 h. The shape of the relationship did not differ for the two levels of irradiance. Also, we studied the effect of 1200 mW m(-2) irradiance on conidial germination time in 1 M. album strain, 7 M. anisopliae strains, and 1 M. taii strain. Exposure to UV-B delayed the germination of surviving conidia of all strains. In general, the delay in germination was directly proportional to the dose.     

Parasitoid behaviour: predicting field from laboratory

Abstract.  1. Most of what is known about parasitoid behaviour comes from laboratory observations: field quantitative observations on searching parasitoids are extremely difficult to do and are rare. The basic components of Aphytis melinus 's response to California red scale ( Aonidiella aurantii ) were studied in the laboratory: encounter, rejection, drumming, probing, oviposition, and host-feeding. It was then asked whether these observations provided a reliable guide to behaviour in the field in a situation that was very different from the laboratory.
2. Field observations were carried out on bark on the trunk and interior branches of trees where live scale density is extremely high in patches, dead scale make up 90% of all scale, and could be expected to interfere with Aphytis search.
3. The laboratory observations predicted well the time taken in the field for each basic event (drumming or probing) and average times spent on a scale. Also well predicted were the distributions of times spent on drumming, probing, and total time on a scale. Rejection rates were much higher in the field. Thus, the laboratory studies predicted foraging behaviour in the field with variable success; potential explanations for observed mismatch between laboratory and field and its possible larger implications are discussed.     

Proteolytic maturation of insulin is a post-Golgi event which occurs in acidifying clathrin-coated secretory vesicles

The direct identification of the intracellular site where proinsulin is proteolytically processed into insulin has been achieved by immunocytochemistry using an insulin-specific monoclonal antibody. Insulin immunoreactivity is absent from the Golgi stack of pancreatic B-cells and first becomes detectable in clathrin-coated secretory vesicles released from the trans Golgi pole. Clathrin-coated secretory vesicles transform into mature noncoated secretory granules which contain the highest concentration of insulin immunoreactive sites. Maturation of clathrin-coated secretory vesicles is accompanied by a progressive acidification of the vesicular milieu, as evidenced by a cytochemical probe that accumulates in acidic compartments whereupon it can be revealed by immunocytochemistry. Thus packaging of the prohormone in secretory vesicles, and acidification of this compartment, are critical steps in the proper proteolytic maturation of insulin.     

Increased incidence of abnormal foetuses in the offspring of cyclophosphamide-treated male mice

The incidence of morphologically abnormal foetuses in the litters of cyclophosphamide (CP)-treated male mice was investigated and compared with control values. In two experiments (100 mg/kg) CP was shown to increase the incidence of grossly abnormal foetuses over that seen in the controls, although neither was statistically significant in isolation. When the probabilities from the two tests of significance were combined using the method of Fisher the result was significant (P = 0.02). These results suggest that an acute exposure to a mutagen in male mice can cause genetic damage that results in an increased incidence of phenotypically abnormal offspring. However, the large numbers of animals required and the variable control level of abnormalities, indicate that this dosing regimen is an inefficient method of studying the genetic mechanisms responsible for the effects seen.     

Immuno-gold localization of α-L-arabinofuranosyl residues in pollen tubes of Nicotiana alata Link et otto

Immuno-gold labelling using a monoclonal antibody (PCBC3) with a primary specificity for -L-arabinofuranosyl residues was used to locate these residues in pollen tubes of Nicotiana alata grown in vivo. The antibody bound to the outer fibrillar layer of the pollen-tube wall: the inner, non-fibrillar wall layer was not labelled. Cytoplasmic vesicles (0.2 m diameter) were also labelled. The antibody may bind to an arabinan in the pollen-tube wall.     

Structural determinants of cationic amphiphilic amines which induce clear cytoplasmic vacuoles in cultured cells

Disobutamide (D), an antiarrhythmic cationic amphiphilic amine (CAA), was withdrawn from clinical testing when clear cytoplasmic vacuoles (CCV) were found in the rat and dog during toxicity studies. To delineate the structural determinants of amines that induce CCV, we exposed cultured rat urinary bladder carcinoma and rabbit aorta muscle cells to numerous cationic drugs and chemicals and examined cells by phase light microscopy. The cationic moiety of these CAA was responsible for the induction of CCV. The very potent inducers were compounds that had two strongly basic amine (cationic) centers. The bis tertiary amines were particularly potent inducers. Aliphatic diamines of minimal lipophilicity-induced CCV, thus showing that an "amphiphilic" structural feature, though present in many CAA drugs, is not necessary for CCV induction. The distance between the two cationic centers was irrelevant to the induction of CCV. These results support the concept that CCV are a manifestation of intracellular (e.g., intralysosomal) drug storage. These structural delineations will be useful in future drug design and for further understanding of drug-cell interactions. Based on these findings, we were able to synthesize an antiarrhythmic CAA which did not induce CCV.     

Nonphotosynthetic CO(2) Fixation by Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Roots and Nodules

The dependence of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) root and nodule nonphotosynthetic CO₂ fixation on the supply of currently produced photosynthate and nodule nitrogenase activity was examined at various times after phloem-girdling and exposure of nodules to Ar:O₂. Phloemgirdling was effected 20 hours and exposure to Ar:O₂ was effected 2 to 3 hours before initiation of experiments. Nodule and root CO₂ fixation rates of phloem-girdled plants were reduced to 38 and 50%, respectively, of those of control plants. Exposure to Ar:O₂ decreased nodule CO₂ fixation rates to 45%, respiration rates to 55%, and nitrogenase activities to 51% of those of the controls. The products of nodule CO₂ fixation were exported through the xylem to the shoot mainly as amino acids within 30 to 60 minutes after exposure to ¹⁴CO₂. In contrast to nodules, roots exported very little radioactivity, and most of the ¹⁴C was exported as organic acids. The nonphotosynthetic CO₂ fixation rate of roots and nodules averaged 26% of the gross respiration rate, i.e. the sum of net respiration and nonphotosynthetic CO₂ assimilation. Nodules fixed CO₂ at a rate 5.6 times that of roots, but since nodules comprised a small portion of root system mass, roots accounted for 76% of the nodulated root system CO₂ fixation. The results of this study showed that exposure of nodules to Ar:O₂ reduced nodule-specific respiration and nitrogenase activity by similar amounts, and that phloem-girdling significantly reduced nodule CO₂ fixation, nitrogenase activity, nodule-specific respiration, and transport of ¹⁴C photoassimilate to nodules. These results indicate that nodule CO₂ fixation in alfalfa is associated with N assimilation.     

Changing Activity of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase from Pea Chloroplasts during Photosynthetic Induction

Light inactivation of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase is rapid and occurs before photosynthetic O₂ evolution is measureable in intact chloroplasts. Likewise, dark activation is rapid. The major light induced change in the kinetic parameters of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase is in maximal velocity.