Purification and partial amino acid sequence of initiatorin, a prostatic endopeptidase of the silkworm, Bombyx mori

We have purified initiatorin, a prostatic endopeptidase that initiates the protein-arginine degradation cascade in the spermatophore of Bombyx mori. Purification of the enzyme from spermatophores was monitored by measuring BAEE (N-benzoyl- -arginine-ethyl ester) hydrolyzing activity. Spermatophores were used as a source for this enzyme. Of several isoforms the major form (MW, 29 kDa) was purified over 200-fold. The N-terminal sequence of initiatorin showed strong homology with those of serine-type of endopeptidases.     

Impact of Age-Dependent Adventitia Inflammation on Structural Alteration of Abdominal Aorta in Hyperlipidemic Mice

Background

The adventitia is suggested to contribute to vascular remodeling; however, the site-selective inflammatory responses in association with the development of atherosclerosis remain to be elucidated.

Methods and Results

Wild-type or apolipoprotein E knockout male C57BL/6J background mice were fed standard chow for 16, 32, and 52 weeks, and the morphology of the aortic arch, descending aorta, and abdominal aorta was compared. Atheromatous plaque formation progressed with age, particularly in the aortic arch and abdominal aorta but not in the descending aorta. In addition, we found that the numbers of macrophages, T-lymphocytes, and microvessels, assessed by anti-F4/80, CD3, and CD31 antibodies, were higher in the adventitia of the abdominal aorta at 52 weeks. These numbers were positively correlated with plaque formation, but negatively correlated with elastin content, resulting in the enlargement of the total vessel area. In aortic tissues, interleukin-6 levels increased in the atheromatous plaque with age, whereas the level of regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) increased with age, and compared with other sites, it was particularly distributed in inflammatory cells in the adventitia of the abdominal aorta.

Conclusion

This study suggests that adventitial inflammation contributes to the age-dependent structural alterations, and that the activation/inactivation of cytokines/chemokines is involved in the process.