Combination of Multiple Resistance Traits from Wild Relative Species in Chrysanthemum via Trigeneric Hybridization

Background

With the objective of combining multiple resistant traits from wild relative species in florist’s chrysanthemums, trigeneric hybridization was conducted by crossing two intergeneric F₁ hybrids Chrysanthemum grandiflorum × Artemisia vulgaris and Chrysanthemum crassum × Crossostephium chinense.

Methodology/Principal Findings

To assess post-pollination phenomena, we investigated pollen germination on the stigma and embryo development, using fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy and paraffin-embedded sections, respectively. We selected eight putative trigeneric hybrid lines that showed the greatest morphological differences from the parents from among the progeny derived via embryo rescue. The hybridity of one trigeneric hybrid was further confirmed by fluorescent genomic in situ hybridization; in addition, the aphid resistance and salt tolerance of this hybrid were higher than those of the chrysanthemum parent and the C. grandiflorum × A. vulgaris F₁ hybrid, respectively.

Conclusions/Significance

The enhanced aphid resistance of the hybrid line reflects the inheritance of chromosomes from A. vulgaris, which carries genes that encode bioactive components. The enhanced salt tolerance of the trigeneric hybrid is attributable to inheritance of genetic materials from Chrysanthemum crassum and Crossostephium chinense, which act to maintain the compartmentation of Na⁺ and K⁺ ions and their selective transportation among different organs to avert deleterious effects and protect the photosynthetic apparatus. The results indicate that trigeneric hybridization between different bigeneric hybrids is a promising method for combination of multiple stress-resistance traits for improvement of chrysanthemum.     

辐照灭菌对枸杞多糖免疫调节作用的影响

用３个剂量的γ射线对枸杞药材进行灭菌试验,并对辐照前后枸杞多糖的免疫调节作用进行检测。结果表明,灭菌剂量下的γ射线辐照不影响枸杞多糖的免疫调节作用。     

环境因子对褐飞虱两种生物型种群参数影响的比较

比较了孟加拉型和生物型Ⅱ褐飞虱种群对高温、饥饿、浸水和杀虫剂等因子的反应。结果表明,35.0℃下孟加拉型若虫的致死中量时间(LT50)显著高于生物型Ⅱ,但两个生物型在26℃和37.5℃下的LT50间差异均不显著,而40.0℃时生物型Ⅱ若虫的LT50显著高于孟加拉型。在26、35.0℃和室内自然变温(26~35.0℃)条件下测定成虫耐饥力,两生物型间LT50均差异不显著。在各饥饿处理时间下,两生物型褐飞虱单雌平均产卵量差异均不显著。褐飞虱卵浸水1、3d和5d,两个生物型孵化率无显著差异,但生物型Ⅱ卵浸水5d后孵化率与对照相比差异显著,说明浸水5d对褐飞虱生物型Ⅱ卵的孵化率有影响。取食经浸水5d处理的稻株168h后,生物型Ⅱ若虫的死亡率与对照有显著差异,而孟加拉型死亡率与对照相比差异不显著;不浸水对照处理两个生物型的2~3龄若虫168h时就已全部发育为成虫,而浸水处理则到216h时才全部发育为成虫,这表明水稻浸水处理延迟了两个生物型若虫的发育进度。对于甲胺磷,药后1d、2d孟加拉型的致死中浓度(LC50)均显著小于生物型Ⅱ;对于噻嗪酮,孟加拉型药后5d的LC50均显著小于生物型Ⅱ,表明孟加拉型对这两种杀虫剂较生物型Ⅱ敏感。     

鹿衔草内生真菌Penicillium solitum次生代谢产物的分离鉴定与神经保护活性筛选

【背景】鹿衔草(Pyrola incarnata Fisch)化学成分丰富,而且具有多种药理活性,在食品、医药领域得到广泛应用,但尚未见其内生真菌次生代谢产物的相关报道。【目的】对鹿衔草内生真菌Penicillium solitum (P.solitum)的次生代谢产物进行分离鉴定,筛选出具有抗神经炎症的活性成分。【方法】采用柱层析和制备型高效液相色谱对鹿衔草内生真菌P.solitum次生代谢产物进行分离和纯化,通过核磁共振和高分辨质谱进行结构鉴定,利用反向分子对接技术筛选出抗神经炎症活性的化合物,采用脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导的BV-2细胞炎症模型进行验证。【结果】从鹿衔草内生真菌P.solitum次生代谢产物中分离鉴定出12个化合物,分别为cyclopenin (1)、dehydrocyclopeptin (2)、viridicatin (3)、对羟基苯甲酸(4)、吲哚乙酸(5)、methyl compactin (6)、cyclopeptine (7)、cyclopenol (8)、原儿茶酸(9)、viridicatol (10)、N-[2-(3-indolyl) ethyl]malonamic acid (11)和solitumidine A (12)。分子对接结果显示化合物11与炎症相关的丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信号通路中p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase,简称p38)和细胞外信号调节激酶1(extracellular regulated protein kinase 1,ERK1)有较高的结合活性。BV-2细胞实验表明,化合物11 (10、20μmol/L)能显著提高BV-2细胞存活率,并有效抑制炎症因子(肿瘤坏死因子-α、白介素-1β、白介素-6)和一氧化氮的释放。【结论】化合物11是新天然产物,具有抗神经炎症活性,其作用机制可能与抑制MAPK信号通路中p38和ERK蛋白的表达有关。     

miR156调控菊花逆境响应与开花的表达特性研究

为明确菊花miR156及其靶基因CmSPL13在逆境胁迫应答和生长发育中的表达特性,该研究以菊花‘神马’为材料,采用高保真PCR技术扩增MiR156启动子序列,并分析该序列特性;通过激素(茉莉酸甲酯、水杨酸甲酯、生长素类似物NAA)和逆境胁迫(干旱、盐)处理,分析菊花miR156及其靶基因CmSPL13对激素和逆境胁迫的响应表达特征;并分析蔗糖处理下miR156表达特性与开花时间的关系,为miR156参与菊花生长发育与逆境响应的分子机制研究奠定基础。结果表明：(1)克隆获得了MiR156启动子1 584 bp,该启动子序列包含激素(茉莉酸、水杨酸和生长素)应答、厌氧和干旱诱导等逆境胁迫以及光响应等顺式作用元件。(2)茉莉酸甲酯处理下,miR156的表达水平在0～3 h显著上调,3 h后逐渐下降,呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,而其靶基因CmSPL13的表达量呈先下降后上升的趋势,在12 h达到峰值;水杨酸甲酯和生长素NAA处理下,miR156的表达在3 h显著下调,而后逐渐升高,在6～12 h时达到峰值,而后又逐渐下降,但CmSPL13的表达具有与之相反的趋势;PEG处理下,miR156的表...     

Metal-N-saccharide chemistry: synthesis and structure determination of two Cu(II) complexes containing glycosylamines

Two new complexes [Cu(N,N',N"-(D-Glc)3-tren)Cl]Cl (1) and [Cu(N,N',N"-(maltose)-tren)]Cl2.H2O (2), have been synthesized and characterized by elementary analysis, and the IR and UV spectra suggest that complex 1 and complex 2 are arranged in trigonal bipyramidal configuration and square-pyramidal configuration, respectively. The crystal structure of complex 1 has been determined by X-ray diffraction as: a = 9.3476(8), b = 17.4236(13), c = 9.7836(8) angstroms, beta = 91.197 degrees, and V = 1593.1(2) Angstroms3, Z = 2, and R = 0.0325, which shows that three secondary amine groups (N-1, N-2, N-3) of the glycosylamine ligand forms the equatorial plane, and the tertiary amine (N-4) and one Cl- are located at the apical positions.     

褐稻虱生物型的监测和控制对策

广西等11个省、市、自治区的褐稻虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stal)生物型监测表明：我国目前除成都的褐稻虱属生物型1外,其他均以生物型2为优势种群。还发现云南思茅和广 西南宁的褐稻虱有部分个体可致害含抗性基因bph2的ASDT和IR36。并鉴定选出一些抗生物型2的品种可供目前推广使用。尚发现广西药用野稻绝大多数材料、普通野稻部分材料以及国际水稻抗褐稻虱圃中Ptb33及其衍生品种(系)具有广谱抗性。若用以培育具广谱抗性的新品种,则是控制褐稻虱新生物型产生和暴发为害的一个重要对策。     

Biological synthesis of Au nanoparticles using liquefied mash of cassava starch and their functionalization for enhanced hydrolysis of xylan by recombinant xylanase

Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) have shown the potential for a variety of applications due to their unique physical and chemical properties. In this study, a facile and affordable method for the synthesis of AuNPs via the liquefied mash of cassava starch has been described and the functionalized AuNPs by l-cysteine improved activity of recombinant xylanase was demonstrated. UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and zeta potential measurements were performed to characterize the AuNPs and monitor their synthesis. The presence of Au was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and the X-ray diffraction patterns showed that Au nanocrystals were face-centered cubic. The C=O stretching vibration in the Fourier transform infrared spectrum of AuNPs suggested that the hemiacetal C–OH of sugar molecules performed the reduction of Au³⁺ to Au⁰. The presence of C and O in the EDX spectrum and the negative zeta potential of AuNPs suggested that the biomolecules present in liquefied cassava mash were responsible for the stabilization of AuNPs. The surface of AuNPs was easily functionalized by l-cysteine, which improved the stability of AuNPs. Moreover, cysteine-functionalized AuNPs could significantly improve recombinant xylanase efficiency and stability.     

A porcine gene, PBK, differentially expressed in the longissimus muscle from Meishan and Large White pig

An investigation of differences in gene expression in the longissimus muscle of Meishan and Large White pigs was undertaken, using the mRNA display technique. A fragment of one differentially expressed gene was isolated and sequenced, whereupon the complete cDNA sequence was then obtained by using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The nucleotide sequence of the gene is not related to any known porcine gene. Sequence analysis revealed that the open reading frame of this gene encodes a protein with 322 amino acids, thus displaying high sequence identity with the PDZ binding kinase (PBK) of eleven other animal species - dog, horse, cattle, human, chimpanzee, crab-eating macaque, rhesus monkey, rat, mouse, gray short-tailed opossum and platypus, so it can be defined as the porcine PBK gene. This gene was finally assigned GeneID:100141310. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the swine PBK gene has a closer genetic relationship with the PBK gene of platypus. Gene expression analysis of eight tissues of a Meishan x Large White cross showed that the porcine PBK gene is differentially expressed in various tissues. Our experiment established the primary foundation for further research on this gene.