L-2-amino-3-(6,7-dimethoxy-4-coumaryl)-propionic acid (L-Adp), as a non-proteinogenic fluorescent amino acid has been synthesized by a highly stereoselective routine (>99.5%). This fluorescent amino acid, as fluorophore-quencher pair, may be used to study peptide assays. For enantiomeric excess determination, the racemic D-Adp (D-2-amino-3-(6,7-dimethoxy-4-coumaryl)-propionic acid) has also been synthesized. 相似文献
Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) are two families of essential peroxidases that maintain redox balance in cells by catalyzing the reduction of hydrogen peroxide. Ammopiptanthus nanus is a rare broad-leaved evergreen shrub that lives in the temperate desert areas of Central Asia and exhibits strong resistance to low temperature and water stress. GPX and APX family members might contribute to the stress response of A. nanus by participating in reactive oxygen species scavenging. In the present study, APX and GPX family members in A. nanus were identified and their structure, evolution, and expression patterns under stress conditions were investigated. A total of 8 GPX genes, 6 APX genes, and 1 APX-like gene were identified in A. nanus, and these genes were unevenly distributed on 7 chromosomes. These APXs and GPXs showed conservation in amino acid sequence, three-dimensional structure, and intron–exon structure. The GPX gene family in A. nanus expanded in gene number, and the expansions were mainly driven by segmental duplication caused by large-scale duplication events in the evolution of Tribe Sophoreae and might play important roles in the freezing and drought tolerance in A. nanus. Expression profiling based on RNA-seq datasets and qRT-PCR analysis showed that most of the APX and GPX members were differentially expressed under osmotic and cold stress, which is in line with the high copies of stress and hormone response-related cis-acting elements predicted from the promoters of the APX and GPX family genes. The study provided new insight into the evolution of APX and GPX family and promoted the understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the stress tolerance of A. nanus.
Learning and memory abilities are associated with alterations in gut function. The two-way proanthocyanidins-microbiota interaction in vivo enhances the physiological activities of proanthocyanidins and promotes the regulation of gut function. Proanthocyanidins extracted from lotus seedpod (LSPC) have shown the memory-enhancing ability. However, there has been no literature about whether Lactobacillus casei-01 (LC) enhances the ameliorative effects of LSPC on learning and memory abilities. In this study, learning and memory abilities of scopolamine-induced amnesia mice were evaluated by Y-maze test after 20-day administration of LC (109 cfu/kg body weight (BW)), LSPC (low dose was 60 mg/kg BW (L-LSPC) and high dose was 90 mg/kg BW (H-LSPC)), or LSPC and LC combinations (L-LSPC+LC and H-LSPC+LC). Alterations in antioxidant defense ability and oxidative damage of brain, serum and colon, and brain cholinergic system were investigated as the possible mechanisms. As a result, the error times of H-LSPC+LC group were reduced by 41.59% and 68.75% relative to those of H-LSPC and LC groups respectively. LSPC and LC combinations ameliorated scopolamine-induced memory impairment by improving total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) level, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activities of brain, serum and colon, suppressing malondialdehyde (MDA) level of brain, serum and colon, and inhibiting brain acetylcholinesterase (AchE), myeloperoxidase, total nitric oxide synthase and neural nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) activities, and nNOS mRNA level. Moreover, LC facilitated the ameliorative effects of H-LSPC on GSH-Px activity of colon, TAOC level, GSH-Px activity and ratio of T-SOD to MDA of brain and serum, and the inhibitory effects of H-LSPC on serum MDA level, brain nNOS mRNA level and AchE activity. These results indicated that LC promoted the memory-enhancing effect of LSPC in scopolamine-induced amnesia mice. 相似文献
The isobaric peptide termini labeling (IPTL) method is a promising strategy in quantitative proteomics for its high accuracy, while the increased complexity of MS2 spectra originated from the paired b, y ions has adverse effect on the identification and the coverage of quantification. Here, a paired ions scoring algorithm (PISA) based on Morpheus, a database searching algorithm specifically designed for high‐resolution MS2 spectra, was proposed to address this issue. PISA was first tested on two 1:1 mixed IPTL datasets, and increases in peptide to spectrum matchings, distinct peptides and protein groups compared to Morpheus itself and MASCOT were shown. Furthermore, the quantification is simultaneously performed and 100% quantification coverage is achieved by PISA since each of the identified peptide to spectrum matchings has several pairs of fragment ions which could be used for quantification. Then the PISA was applied to the relative quantification of human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines with high and low metastatic potentials prepared by an IPTL strategy. 相似文献
The complete chloroplast genome of Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis was recovered from a Next Generation Sequencing data set. Without quadripartite structure, this chloroplast genome (183,013 bp, 27.40% GC content) contains 202 protein‐coding genes, 34 tRNA genes, 3 rRNA genes, and 1 tmRNA gene. Synteny analysis showed plasmid incorporation regions in chloroplast genomes of three species of family Gracilariaceae and in Grateloupia taiwanensis of family Halymeniaceae. Combined with reported red algal plasmid sequences in nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, we postulated that red algal plasmids may have played an important role in ancient horizontal gene transfer among nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial genomes. Substitution rate analysis showed that purifying selective forces maintaining stability of protein‐coding genes of nine red algal chloroplast genomes over long periods must be strong and that the forces acting on gene groups and single genes of nine red algal chloroplast genomes were similar and consistent. The divergence of Gp. lemaneiformis occurred ~447.98 million years ago (Mya), close to the divergence time of genus Pyropia and Porphyra (443.62 Mya). 相似文献