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61.
Kurahashi H Atiwetin P Nagaoka S Miyata S Kitajima S Sugimura Y 《Journal of insect physiology》2005,51(9):1055-1061
Mulberry leaves are the sole diet of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. The host urease is incorporated into the larval hemolymph and involved in nitrogen metabolism in the insect. To investigate the selective absorption of the host urease to the larvae, crude urease was prepared from mulberry leaves and roots. Root urease was identical to leaf urease on the basis of electrophoretic analyses: (1) the urease activity appeared in the same migration position in a native gel; (2) There was no difference in molecular mass of the subunit. The root urease was orally injected to the fifth instar larvae of the silkworm. Just before spinning, the larvae absorbed intact urease from the midgut lumen to the hemolymph without the loss of activity. The capacity to absorb urease occurred only at the specific stage. Localization of host urease in midgut tissue was observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Based on spatial distribution of immunofluorescent signals and immunogold particles, host urease specifically attached to the surfaces of microvilli existing in the apical side of columnar cells and appeared in the cytoplasm of the cells for transport to the hemolymph. The incorporation efficiency of root urease into the hemolymph was significantly higher than for ureases from jack bean seeds and Bacillus pasteurii. The urease that was transported to the hemolymph was electrophoretically altered, compared with the host urease extracted. 相似文献
62.
Takamura-Enya T Watanabe M Koyama K Sugimura T Wakabayashi K 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2004,323(2):579-582
Pierisin-2 is a cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing protein present in Pieris brassicae with a 91% homology in the deduced amino acid sequences to pierisin-1 from Pieris rapae. We earlier showed pierisin-1 to catalyze mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation of 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG) in DNA to form N2-(ADP-ribos-1-yl)-2'-deoxyguanosine, this DNA modification appearing linked to its cytotoxicity and ability to induce apoptosis in mammalian cell lines. In this paper, we documented evidence that pierisin-2 also catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of dG in DNA to give the same reaction product as demonstrated for pierisin-1, with similar efficiency. With oligonucleotides as substrates, ADP-ribosylation by pierisin-2 was suggested to occur by one-side attack of the carbon atom at 1 position of the ribose moiety in NAD toward N2 of dG. The presence of a unique ADP-ribosylation toxin targeting dG in DNA in two distinct species in a Pieris genus could be a quite important finding to better understand biological functions of pierisin-1 and -2 in Pieris butterflies and the generic evolution of these cabbage butterflies. 相似文献
63.
Establishment of a detection system for demethylating agents using an endogenous promoter CpG island
Disturbances of epigenetic information that result in changes in DNA methylation patterns are involved in carcinogenesis and other human disorders. Detection of agents that can cause epigenetic alterations--i.e. epimutagens--is therefore an important objective. We have developed and now describe the first detection system for demethylating agents that involves an endogenous promoter CpG island (CGI). After screening 10 promoter CGIs of genes silenced in human cancers, a CGI of the FLJ32130 gene was found to respond sensitively to a known demethylating agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC), by abundantly re-expressing its mRNA. After introducing the Hyg(r)-EGFP fusion gene into exon 3 of the FLJ32130 gene by homologous recombination, we isolated one clone that had the expected recombination outcomes and designated it F117. Two subclones (F117-47 and F117-123) of this original clone that did not share its propensity for leaky expression of the Hyg(r)-EGFP mRNA were then isolated, and methylation of their 5' CGI was confirmed. The addition of 5-aza-dC at doses of 0.1 microM or higher led to their 5' CGI being demethylated, and to Hyg(r)-EGFP being expressed; the anticipated fluorescence was readily confirmed by fluorescence microscopy. We believe that this is the first assay system that detects agents that disturb the methylated status of a CGI that regulates an endogenous promoter. 相似文献
64.
Yamashita S Nomoto T Abe M Tatematsu M Sugimura T Ushijima T 《Mutation research》2004,549(1-2):185-193
Cancers induced by different carcinogens show distinct expression profiles. In addition to the specific alterations of tumor-related genes induced by specific carcinogens, it is possible that some initial responses induced by a carcinogen could persist for long periods and are consistently present in the cancers induced. We have analyzed the initial responses in the rat pyloric mucosae after treatment for 2 weeks with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Gene expression was monitored 1 day, 2 weeks and 4 weeks after MNNG treatment by oligonucleotide microarray analysis. Of the differentially expressed genes showing greater than three-fold difference 1 day after MNNG treatment, 143 and 26 genes were up- and down-regulated, respectively, in MNNG-induced stomach cancers. Among these genes, 25 and 6 genes were up- and down-regulated, respectively, in the histologically normal pyloric mucosae, even 4 weeks after cessation of MNNG treatment. Among the up-regulated genes, many genes involved in tissue remodeling (Spi15, Serpine1 and Fst) and cellular growth (Bdnf, Ros1 and Fgf10) were present. The six down-regulated genes included TGF-beta-inducible early growth response gene. These findings demonstrate that some expression changes induced by MNNG persist for a prolonged period and are present in cancers. Persistent expression changes are considered to be important for prediction of past carcinogen exposure, and could provide a molecular environment favorable for malignant transformation. 相似文献
65.
Plastocyanin was purified from the gymnosperm Ginkgo biloba L., and its complete amino acid sequence was determined. The protein was shown to contain Phe-83 instead of Tyr-83 conserved in other land plant plastocyanins. This is the first report of the characterization and complete amino acid sequence of a gymnosperm plastocyanin. 相似文献
66.
Summary. Although calcium carbonate is known to be a common biomineral in plants, very little attention has been given to the biological
control of calcium carbonate deposition. In mulberry leaves, a subcellular structure is involved in mineral deposition and
is described here by a variety of cytological techniques. Calcium carbonate was deposited in large, rounded idioblast cells
located in the upper epidermal layer of mulberry leaves. Next to the outmost region (“cap”) of young idioblasts, we found
that the inner cell wall layer expanded to form a peculiar outgrowth, named cell wall sac in this report. This sac grew and
eventually occupied the entire apoplastic space of the idioblast. Inside the mature cell wall sac, various cellulosic membranes
developed and became the major site of Ca carbonate deposition. Concentrated Ca2+ was pooled in the peripheral zone, where small Ca carbonate globules were present in large numbers. Large globules were tightly
packed among multiple membranes in the central zone, especially in compartments formed by cellulosic membranes and in their
neighboring membranes. The maximum Ca sink capacity of a single cell wall sac was quantified using enzymatically isolated
idioblasts as approximately 48 ng. The newly formed outgrowth in idioblasts is not a pure calcareous body but a complex cell
wall structure filled with substantial amounts of Ca carbonate crystals.
Correspondence and reprints: Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido, Matsugasaki,
Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan. 相似文献
67.
Suga N Sugimura M Koshiishi T Yorifuji T Makino S Takeda S 《Biology of reproduction》2012,86(5):134, 1-134, 8
The function of CD44-v3 and heparin/heparan sulfate (HS) signaling was investigated during trophoblast cell migration to identify their role in the renewal of syncytial layer damage caused by increased hemodynamic turbulence in the intervillous space and maintenance of syncytial integrity in pre-eclampsia. We evaluated the effect of heparin/HS/CD44-v3-mediated processes during scratch wound closure in monolayer immortalized human trophoblast cells derived from term placenta (TCL-1 cells). Western blot analysis showed that these cultured human trophoblast cells express the epidermal growth factor receptor and CD44-v3 but do not express syndecan 4. An in vitro scratch wound healing assay showed enhanced migration of trophoblast cells in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of heparin compared with controls when cultured under serum-free conditions. Conversely, an anti-CD44 function-blocking antibody and CD44 siRNA suppressed the migration of trophoblast cells in the presence of heparin in a similar scratch assay. Furthermore, both heparin treatment and in vitro scratch wounding induced the phosphorylation of p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), whereas the anti-CD44-v3 antibody suppressed the heparin-induced phosphorylation of PAK1 in trophoblast cells. These results indicate that heparin/HS/CD44-v3-mediated signaling, in the absence of growth factor networks, enhances the direct repair of the damaged trophoblast layer through the migration of trophoblast cells. This renewed cell coverage may lead to the maintenance of syncytiotrophoblast cell function and an associated reduction in pathogenic soluble factors derived from the damaged trophoblast cells. 相似文献
68.
Ken Sasaki Jyoti Gaikwad Shuhei Hashiguchi Toshiya Kubota Kazuhisa Sugimura Werner Kremer Hans Robert Kalbitzer Kazuyuki Akasaka 《朊病毒》2008,2(3):118-122
The structure and the dissociation reaction of oligomers PrPoligo from reduced human prion huPrPC(23–231) have been studied by 1H-NMR and tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopy at varying pressure, along with circular dichroism and atomic force microscopy. The 1H-NMR and fluorescence spectral feature of the oligomer is consistent with the notion that the N-terminal residues including all seven Trp residues, are free and mobile, while residues 105∼210, comprising the AGAAAAGA motif and S1-Loop-HelixA-Loop-S2-Loop-HelixC, are engaged in intra- and/or inter-molecular interactions. By increasing pressure to 200 MPa, the oligomers tend to dissociate into monomers which may be identified with PrPC*, a rare metastable form of PrPC stabilized at high pressure (Kachel et al., BMC Struct Biol 6:16). The results strongly suggest that the oligomeric form PrPoligo is in dynamic equilibrium with the monomeric forms via PrPC*, namely huPrPC ⇆ huPrPC* ⇆ huPrPoligo.Key words: human prion, oligomer structure, pressure dissociation, reversible monomer-oligomer transition, circular dichroism, high pressure NMR, atomic force microscopy 相似文献
69.
A peculiar inward growth, named a “cell wall sac”, formed in mulberry (Morus alba) idioblasts, is a subcellular site for production of calcium carbonate crystals. On the basis of ultrastructural observations,
a fully expanded cell wall sac could be divided into two parts—an amorphous complex consisting of multi-layered compartments
with multiple fibers originating from the innermost cell wall layer, and a peripheral plain matrix with fiber aggregates.
Immunofluorescent localization showed that low and highly esterified pectin epitopes were detected at the early stages of
development of the cell wall sac, followed by complete disappearance from the both parts of fully enlarged mature sac. In
contrast, the xyloglucan epitope remained in the compartment complex; this was supported by the observation that the xyloglucan
epitope labeled with immuno-gold particles is found on fibers in the complex part. 相似文献
70.
Minisatellites (MNs) are arrays of 5-100 nucleotide repeats that are dispersed throughout the genome of vertebrates. They demonstrate alteration in tumors and in cells exposed to various carcinogens, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the induction of mutations at MNs are largely unknown. Hypervariable MN Pc-1 isolated from the mouse genome consists of tandem repeats of d(GGCAG) flanked with locus-specific sequences at both ends. We have found that MN mutations are induced in NIH3T3 cells by treatment with okadaic acid using a Pc-1 MN fragment as a probe. In order to shed light on the molecular mechanisms, we isolated six MN Pc-1 binding proteins, pA, pB, pD, pE, pF and pG, from nuclear extracts of NIH3T3 cells treated with okadaic acid. While pA and pB bound to the G-rich strand of Pc-1, pD, pE, pF and pG bound to the complementary C-rich strand. Sequence specificities for DNA binding were revealed and one base substitution and insertion into the Pc-1 repeat unit dramatically changed the affinity of each protein, suggesting that they bind to Pc-1 and Pc-1-like MNs in vivo. 相似文献