Sustaining immunity during starvation in bivalve mollusc: A costly affair

Complete or partial depletion of resource in a freshwater habitat is a common phenomenon. As a consequence, aquatic fauna including bivalve molluscs may be exposed to dietary stress on a seasonal basis. Haemocyte based innate immune profile of the freshwater mollusc Lamellidens marginalis (Bivalvia: Eulamellibranchiata) was evaluated under starvation induced stress for a maximum period of 32 days in a controlled laboratory condition. During starvation, the bivalve haemocytes maintained a homeostasis in phagocytic efficacy and nitric oxide generation ability with respect to the control. The mollusc maintained a significantly high protein content in its haemolymph and tissues under the nutritional stress with respect to the control. The dietary stress had no significant impact on the activity of digestive tissue derived α-amylase till sixteenth day but by 32 days the enzyme activity went down significantly. The histopathological profile revealed that the bivalve was adapted to maintain a steady immune profile by incurring degeneration of its own tissue structure. The total haemocyte count surged significantly till 16 days but differed insignificantly with respect to the control at 32 days implying probable haematopoietic exhaustion. The study reflects the instinctive urge of the bivalve to maintain immune physiology at heavy metabolic cost under nutrient limited condition.     

Enhanced adsorption of congo red from aqueous solutions by chitosan hydrogel beads impregnated with cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide

The adsorption of congo red (CR) onto chitosan (CS) beads impregnated by a cationic surfactant (CTAB, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) was investigated. Chitosan beads impregnated at a ratio of 1/20 of CTAB to CS (0.05% of CTAB and 1% of CS) increased the CR adsorption capacity by 2.2 times from 162.3 mg/g (0% CTAB) to 352.5 mg/g (0.05% CTAB). The CR adsorption decreased with an increase in pH of the CR solution from 4.0 to 9.0. The Sips isotherm model showed a good fit with the equilibrium experimental data and the values of the heterogeneity factor (n) indicated heterogeneous adsorption of CR onto CS/CTAB beads, as well as CS beads. The kinetic data showed better fit to the pseudo second-order rate model than to the pseudo first-order rate model. The impregnation of CS beads by cationic surfactants showed the highest adsorption capacities of CR compared to any other adsorbents and would be a good method to increase adsorption efficiency for the removal of anionic dyes in a wastewater treatment process.     

Congo red adsorption from aqueous solutions by using chitosan hydrogel beads impregnated with nonionic or anionic surfactant

The adsorption performance of CS beads impregnated with triton X-100 (TX-100) as a nonionic surfactant and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as an anionic surfactant was investigated for the removal of anionic dye (congo red) from aqueous solution. While the adsorption capacity of CS/TX-100 beads was enhanced at all concentrations of TX-100 (0.005–0.1%), the increase in the concentration of SDS above 0.01% in the CS/SDS beads gradually reduced the adsorption capacity of the beads. Equilibrium adsorption isotherm data indicated a good fit to the Sips isotherm model and a heterogeneous adsorption process. The Sips maximum adsorption capacity in dry weight of the CS/TX-100 beads was 378.79 mg/g and 318.47 mg/g for the CS/SDS beads, higher than the 223.25 mg/g of the CS beads. Modification of CS beads by impregnation with nonionic surfactant, or even anionic surfactant, at low concentrations is a possible way to enhance adsorption of anionic dye.     

Effects of cell entrapment on growth rate and metabolic activity of pure cultures commonly found in biological wastewater treatment

The effects of cell entrapment on the growth rate and metabolic activity of major groups of bacteria (betaproteobacteria and gammaproteobacteria) in biological municipal wastewater treatment were investigated. Three different cell entrapment media (alginate, carrageenan and polyvinyl alcohol) and three cell-to-matrix ratios (0.1%, 0.2% and 0.6%, w v⁻¹) were examined. Representative species of betaproteobacteria were Alcaligenes faecalis and Comamonas testosteroni whereas Pseudomonas putida was a gammaproteobacteria species studied. Free (non-entrapped) cells were included in the study for comparative purpose. Results indicated that the entrapment, type of entrapment media, and cell-to-matrix ratio had significant effects on the growth and metabolic activity of major groups of bacteria in wastewater treatment. Polyvinyl alcohol entrapped cells had the highest specific growth and specific substrate utilization rates. Increase of cell-to-matrix ratio (from 0.1% to 0.2% or 0.6%) did not improve the specific growth and specific substrate utilization rates. The relative performances provided by different entrapment media of the three species studied were quite consistent. This study showed that the suitable choices of entrapment media and cell-to-matrix ratio are important but similar for major groups of bacteria in wastewater treatment.     

ortho-Carom-N bond fusion in aniline associated with electrophilic chlorination reactions at ruthenium(III) coordinated acetylacetonates

In an unusual reaction of [Ru^III(acac)₂(CH₃CN)₂](ClO₄) ([1], acac = acetylacetonate) and aniline (Ph-NH₂), resulted in the formation of ortho-semidine due to dimerisation of aniline via oxidative ortho-C_arom-N bond formation reaction. This oxidation reaction is associated with stepwise chlorination of coordinated acac ligands at the γ-carbon atom resulting in the formation of [Ru^III(acac)₂L⁻] [2a], [Ru^III(Cl-acac)(acac)L⁻] [2b], [Ru^III(acac)(Cl-acac)L⁻] [2c] and [Ru^III(Cl-acac)₂L⁻] [2d] (L⁻ = N-phenyl-ortho-semiquinonediimine) complexes, respectively. These have been characterized by ¹H NMR, UV-Vis-NIR, ESI-MS and cyclic voltammetry studies. Single crystal X-ray structures of 2c and 2d are reported. Crystallographic structural bond parameters of 2c and 2d revealed bond length equalization of C-C, C-O and M-O bonds. It has been shown that perchlorate () counter anion, present in the starting ruthenium complex, acts as the oxidizing agent in bringing about oxidation of Ph-NH₂ to ortho-semidine. The chloronium ions, produced in situ, chlorinate the coordinated acac ligands at the γ-carbon atom. Such electrophilic substitution of coordinated acac ligands indicates that the Ru-acac metallacycles in the reference compounds are aromatic. The complexes showed an intense and featureless band centered near 520 nm, and a structured band near 275 nm. These displayed one reversible cathodic response in the range, −1.1 to −0.8 V and one reversible anodic response between 0.4 and 0.6 V versus the Saturated Calomel reference Electrode, SCE. The response at the anodic potential is due to oxidation of the coordinated ligand L, while the reversible response at cathodic potential is due to reduction of the metal center.     

Serum levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM) in Antarctic summer expeditioners and their relationship with seasickness

The Antarctic continent is full of environmental extremes like isolation, cold, UV exposure, and blizzards etc. The present study was conducted to analyze the effect of ship borne journey and the impact of Antarctic harsh environment on serum immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA) levels and their relationship with seasickness in Indian expeditioners. It was observed that one month onboard ship journey induced an increase in serum IgA levels and decrease in IgG levels while after being one month off board at the Indian research station Maitri, decreased levels of IgG and increased levels of IgA were found. IgM levels were not altered in comparison to the base line control. Moreover, serum IgG level showed a positive correlation while IgA level showed a negative correlation with seasickness. The stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with serum of expeditioner at different places showed that IgA at lower dose induces the release of pro-inflammatory IL-1β, and IL-6 cytokines from PBMCs while higher dose of IgA decreases proinflammatory cytokine production. The release of anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β1 and IL-10 was not significantly altered. Thus, the present study concluded that ship borne journey and Antarctic environment lead to increased serum IgA levels while decreased IgG levels. It also suggests that serum IgA level could be a possible biomarker for environmental stress.     

LNA mediated in situ hybridization of miR171 and miR397a in leaf and ambient root tissues revealed expressional homogeneity in response to shoot heat shock in Arabidopsis thaliana

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous non-protein coding RNA molecules of approximately 21 nucleotides in length capable of modulating gene expression in animals and plants. The role of miRNA based gene regulation has been proved in several pathways including in plant growth, development and stress response. In this study miR171 and miR397a were tested for their expression pattern under different heat shock regimes in shoot and root tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana using Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA) mediated in situ hybridization. With an increase in temperature across 35 °C, 40 °C and 45 °C there was a corresponding increased up-regulation of miR171 in leaf tissues compared to ambient temperature. Similarly, an unambiguous elevated expression of miR171 within increase in duration of exposure at each temperature regime across 1 h, 2 h and 3 h was noticed in comparison to ambient control leaf tissue. On the other hand, miR397a, which expressed at ambient control conditions, got down-regulated both with increase in heat and exposure regime in leaf tissues. Both miRNAs expressed in control ambient root tissues. Maintaining the root zone temperature at ambient conditions, upon imposing heat shock regime to shoot system, miR171 recorded corresponding increased up-regulation as indicated by the intensity of in situ hybridization, while miR397a got down-regulated. Given the differential homogeneity in expression pattern of both miRNA in leaf and root tissues experiencing heat shock regimes, possibilities of movement of heat shock induced signals to root tissues seem to be obvious.     

Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Platelets Activated by Pro-Thrombotic Oxidized Phospholipids and Thrombin

Specific oxidized phospholipids (oxPC_CD36) promote platelet hyper-reactivity and thrombosis in hyperlipidemia via the scavenger receptor CD36, however the signaling pathway(s) induced in platelets by oxPC_CD36 are not well defined. We have employed mass spectrometry-based tyrosine, serine, and threonine phosphoproteomics for the unbiased analysis of platelet signaling pathways induced by oxPC_CD36 as well as by the strong physiological agonist thrombin. oxPC_CD36 and thrombin induced differential phosphorylation of 115 proteins (162 phosphorylation sites) and 181 proteins (334 phosphorylation sites) respectively. Most of the phosphoproteome changes induced by either agonist have never been reported in platelets; thus they provide candidates in the study of platelet signaling. Bioinformatic analyses of protein phosphorylation dependent responses were used to categorize preferential motifs for (de)phosphorylation, predict pathways and kinase activity, and construct a phosphoproteome network regulating integrin activation. A putative signaling pathway involving Src-family kinases, SYK, and PLCγ2 was identified in platelets activated by oxPC_CD36. Subsequent ex vivo studies in human platelets demonstrated that this pathway is downstream of the scavenger receptor CD36 and is critical for platelet activation by oxPC_CD36. Our results provide multiple insights into the mechanism of platelet activation and specifically in platelet regulation by oxPC_CD36.     

Crystal structure of Staphylococcal dual specific inositol monophosphatase/NADP(H) phosphatase (SAS2203) delineates the molecular basis of substrate specificity

Inositol monophosphatase (IMPase) family of proteins are Mg(2+) activated Li(+) inhibited class of ubiquitous enzymes with promiscuous substrate specificity. Herein, the molecular basis of IMPase substrate specificity is delineated by comparative crystal structural analysis of a Staphylococcal dual specific IMPase/NADP(H) phosphatase (SaIMPase - I) with other IMPases of different substrate compatibility, empowered by in silico docking and Escherichia coli SuhB mutagenesis analysis. Unlike its eubacterial and eukaryotic NADP(H) non-hydrolyzing counterparts, the composite structure of SaIMPase - I active site pocket exhibits high structural resemblance with archaeal NADP(H) hydrolyzing dual specific IMPase/FBPase. The large and shallow SaIMPase - I active site cleft efficiently accommodate large incoming substrates like NADP(H), and therefore, justifies the eminent NADP(H) phosphatase activity of SaIMPase - I. Compared to other NADP(H) non-hydrolyzing IMPases, the profound difference in active site topology as well as the unique NADP(H) recognition capability of SaIMPase - I stems from the differential length and orientation of a distant helix α4 (in human and bovine α5) and its preceding loop. We identified the length of α4 and its preceding loop as the most crucial factor that regulates IMPase substrate specificity by employing a size exclusion mechanism. Hence, in SaIMPase - I, the substrate promiscuity is a gain of function by trimming the length of α4 and its preceding loop, compared to other NADP(H) non-hydrolyzing IMPases. This study thus provides a biochemical - structural framework revealing the length and orientation of α4 and its preceding loop as the predisposing factor for the determination of IMPase substrate specificity.