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131.
蹄蝠科的核型进化:比较染色体涂色、G带和C带分析(英文)   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Mao XG  Wang JH  Su WT  Wang YX  Yang FT  Nie WH 《动物学研究》2010,31(5):453-460
与其姐妹科(菊头蝠科)相比,蹄蝠科的细胞遗传学研究较少。迄今为止,仅少数蹄蝠科几个物种有高分辨率的G带核型报道,且有关该科核型进化的大多数结论都是基于常规Giemsa染色研究而得。该研究利用三叶小蹄蝠的染色体特异探针,通过比较染色体涂色、G和C显带,建立了5种蹄蝠的染色体同源性图谱,并探讨了它们同源染色体间的G和C带异同。结果表明:罗伯逊易位、臂内倒位以及异染色质的扩增可能是蹄蝠科物种核型进化的主要机制。通过对这5种蹄蝠物种及其外群物种之间的同源染色体片段的比较分析,作者推测蹄蝠科的祖先核型并不像先前认为的全由端着丝粒染色体组成,而应该含有中着丝粒染色体。  相似文献   
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133.

Background and Aims

Cell wall pectins and arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are important for pollen tube growth. The aim of this work was to study the temporal and spatial dynamics of these compounds in olive pollen during germination.

Methods

Immunoblot profiling analyses combined with confocal and transmission electron microscopy immunocytochemical detection techniques were carried out using four anti-pectin (JIM7, JIM5, LM5 and LM6) and two anti-AGP (JIM13 and JIM14) monoclonal antibodies.

Key Results

Pectin and AGP levels increased during olive pollen in vitro germination. (1 → 4)-β-d-Galactans localized in the cytoplasm of the vegetative cell, the pollen wall and the apertural intine. After the pollen tube emerged, galactans localized in the pollen tube wall, particularly at the tip, and formed a collar-like structure around the germinative aperture. (1 → 5)-α-l-Arabinans were mainly present in the pollen tube cell wall, forming characteristic ring-shaped deposits at regular intervals in the sub-apical zone. As expected, the pollen tube wall was rich in highly esterified pectic compounds at the apex, while the cell wall mainly contained de-esterified pectins in the shank. The wall of the generative cell was specifically labelled with arabinans, highly methyl-esterified homogalacturonans and JIM13 epitopes. In addition, the extracellular material that coated the outer exine layer was rich in arabinans, de-esterified pectins and JIM13 epitopes.

Conclusions

Pectins and AGPs are newly synthesized in the pollen tube during pollen germination. The synthesis and secretion of these compounds are temporally and spatially regulated. Galactans might provide mechanical stability to the pollen tube, reinforcing those regions that are particularly sensitive to tension stress (the pollen tube–pollen grain joint site) and mechanical damage (the tip). Arabinans and AGPs might be important in recognition and adhesion phenomena of the pollen tube and the stylar transmitting cells, as well as the egg and sperm cells.  相似文献   
134.
135.

Background

Intercropping systems could increase crop diversity and avoid vulnerability to biotic stresses. Most studies have shown that intercropping can provide relief to crops against wind-dispersed pathogens. However, there was limited data on how the practice of intercropping help crops against soil-borne Phytophthora disease.

Principal Findings

Compared to pepper monoculture, a large scale intercropping study of maize grown between pepper rows reduced disease levels of the soil-borne pepper Phytophthora blight. These reduced disease levels of Phytophthora in the intercropping system were correlated with the ability of maize plants to form a “root wall” that restricted the movement of Phytophthora capsici across rows. Experimentally, it was found that maize roots attracted the zoospores of P. capsici and then inhibited their growth. When maize plants were grown in close proximity to each other, the roots produced and secreted larger quantities of 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIMBOA) and 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone (MBOA). Furthermore, MBOA, benzothiazole (BZO), and 2-(methylthio)-benzothiazole (MBZO) were identified in root exudates of maize and showed antimicrobial activity against P. capsici.

Conclusions

Maize could form a “root wall” to restrict the spread of P. capsici across rows in maize and pepper intercropping systems. Antimicrobe compounds secreted by maize root were one of the factors that resulted in the inhibition of P. capsici. These results provide new insights into plant-plant-microbe mechanisms involved in intercropping systems.  相似文献   
136.
用FTIR光谱研究了短杆菌肽A(GA)在固态,组装入DPPC脂持体,以及Na+结合状态的构象变化。固态时酰胺Ⅰ带峰位于163cm-1左右,且在1685cm-1处有一肩峰;酰胺Ⅱ带位于1530cm1左右,整个分子为反平行的β螺旋结构,为非通道构象。当GA组装入脂质体后,酰胺Ⅰ带仍位于1633cm-1,但1685cm-1的肩峰消失,酰胺Ⅱ带移至1550cm-1,分子间氢键转变为分子内氢键,二聚体从原来的双股螺旋变为头-头相连的单股螺旋,是GA的膜内通道构象。Na+的结合并不改变GA的骨架结构,但通过对酰胺Ⅰ带的拟合分析发现:加Na+后位于1644cm-1的无规结构含量减少10%,而有序结构增加,提示部分无视结构可能有一种“门”的作用:当无离子通过时为“关闭”状态,当与离子结合后即“打开”,这样通过构象的改变来实现其通道功能。  相似文献   
137.
该研究在建立贵州省野生苦苣苔科植物名录和地理分布数据库的基础上,对其物种多样性及地理分布格局进行研究。通过文献资料结合实地调查,从物种组成、特有性、水平分布、垂直分布和相似性等方面进行分析,并采用筛除算法确定贵州苦苣苔科植物分布的热点地区。结果表明:(1)贵州省苦苣苔科植物共计2族8亚族28属153种(含种下等级),分布在75个县级行政区,有128/45个中国/贵州特有种,垂直分布以900~1300 m海拔段最为丰富。(2)通过计算省级相似性系数,发现贵州与广西的相似程度最高,最后筛选得到10个热点县,共代表了75%的苦苣苔科植物。(3)贵州省为典型的喀斯特高原山地,苦苣苔科植物种类丰富,尤其是广义马铃苣苔属、广义报春苣苔属、广义石山苣苔属和蛛毛苣苔属等,有着较高的物种多样性和区域特有性。该研究可以为贵州省苦苣苔科植物资源保护和持续利用提供理论参考。  相似文献   
138.

Background

In the past twenty years, codeine-containing cough syrups (CCS) was recognized as a new type of addictive drugs. However, the exact neurobiologic mechanisms underlying CCS-dependence are still ill-defined. The aims of this study are to identify CCS-related modulations of neural activity during the resting-state in CCS-dependent individuals and to investigate whether these changes of neural activity can be related to duration of CCS use, the first age of CCS use and impulse control deficits in CCS-dependent individuals. We also want to observe the impact of gray matter deficits on these functional results.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Thirty CCS-dependent individuals and 30 control subjects participated. Resting-state functional MRI was performed by using gradient-echo echo-planar imaging sequence. Regional homogeneity (ReHo) was calculated by using REST software. Voxel-based analysis of the ReHo maps between controls and CCS-dependent groups was performed using two-sample t tests (p<0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons). The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale 11 (BIS.11) was surveyed to assess participants'' impulsivity trait soon after MR examination. Abnormal clusters revealed by group comparison were extracted and correlated with impulsivity, duration of CCS use, and age of first CCS use. ReHo was diminished in the bilateral medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) and left dorsal striatum in CCS-dependent individuals. There were negative correlations between mean ReHo in the bilateral medial OFC, left dorsal striatum and duration of CCS use, BIS.11 total scores, and the subscale of attentional impulsivity in CCS-dependent individuals. There was a significantly positive correlation between mean ReHo in the left dorsal striatum and age of first CCS use in CCS-dependent individuals. Importantly, these results still remain significant after statistically controlling for the regional gray matter deficits.

Conclusion

Resting-state abnormalities in CCS-dependent individuals revealed in the present study may further improve our understanding about the neural substrates of impulse control dysfunction in CCS-dependent individuals.  相似文献   
139.
Bacteria adhere to almost any surface, despite continuing arguments about the importance of physico-chemical properties of substratum surfaces, such as hydrophobicity and charge in biofilm formation. Nevertheless, in vivo biofilm formation on teeth and also on voice prostheses in laryngectomized patients is less on hydrophobic than on hydrophilic surfaces. With the aid of micro-patterned surfaces consisting of 10-microm wide hydrophobic lines separated by 20-microm wide hydrophilic spacings, we demonstrate here, for the first time in one and the same experiment, that bacteria do not have a strong preference for adhesion to hydrophobic or hydrophilic surfaces. Upon challenging the adhering bacteria, after deposition in a parallel plate flow chamber, with a high detachment force, however, bacteria were easily wiped-off hydrophobic lines, most notably when these lines were oriented parallel to the direction of flow. Adhering bacteria detached slightly less from the hydrophilic spacings in between, but preferentially accumulated adhering on the hydrophilic regions close to the interface between the hydrophilic spacings and hydrophobic lines. It is concluded that substratum hydrophobicity is a major determinant of bacterial retention while it hardly influences bacterial adhesion.  相似文献   
140.
鬼伞类真菌涉及蘑菇科的鬼伞属Coprinus以及小脆柄菇科的小鬼伞属Coprinellus、拟鬼伞属Coprinopsis、近地伞属Parasola、刺毛鬼伞属Tulosesus和心孢鬼伞属Narcissea。基于标本研究和文献记载,确认我国该类真菌57种:小鬼伞属9种,刺毛鬼伞属10种,心孢鬼伞属3种,拟鬼伞属25种,近地伞属8种,鬼伞属2种。本文记载1个新组合——速亡型心孢鬼伞Narcissea ephemeroides,中国新记录种11个:黄鳞小鬼伞Coprinellus ellisii、甜味小鬼伞Coprinellus saccharinus、锐突拟鬼伞Coprinopsis acuminata、非洲雪白拟鬼伞Coprinopsis afronivea、美丽拟鬼伞Coprinopsis bellula、钟孢拟鬼伞Coprinopsis mitraespora、麻醉拟鬼伞Coprinopsis narcotica、厚壁拟鬼伞Coprinopsis pachyderma、近雪白拟鬼伞Coprinopsis pseudonivea、施罗特近地伞Parasola schroeteri和刺毛近地伞Parasola setulosa。编制了中国鬼伞类真菌分种检索表,对新组合和中国新记录种进行形态学描述,并提供线条图。结合ITS和LSU序列片段,采用了最大似然法和贝叶斯分析法建立系统发育树,反映各类群之间的系统演化关系。  相似文献   
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