全文获取类型
收费全文 | 40955篇 |
免费 | 3300篇 |
国内免费 | 1904篇 |
专业分类
46159篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 88篇 |
2023年 | 362篇 |
2022年 | 939篇 |
2021年 | 1439篇 |
2020年 | 1028篇 |
2019年 | 1290篇 |
2018年 | 1463篇 |
2017年 | 1126篇 |
2016年 | 1639篇 |
2015年 | 2494篇 |
2014年 | 2865篇 |
2013年 | 3088篇 |
2012年 | 3757篇 |
2011年 | 3497篇 |
2010年 | 2092篇 |
2009年 | 1963篇 |
2008年 | 2351篇 |
2007年 | 2085篇 |
2006年 | 1863篇 |
2005年 | 1620篇 |
2004年 | 1517篇 |
2003年 | 1262篇 |
2002年 | 1054篇 |
2001年 | 749篇 |
2000年 | 649篇 |
1999年 | 549篇 |
1998年 | 336篇 |
1997年 | 293篇 |
1996年 | 268篇 |
1995年 | 236篇 |
1994年 | 220篇 |
1993年 | 166篇 |
1992年 | 232篇 |
1991年 | 205篇 |
1990年 | 207篇 |
1989年 | 157篇 |
1988年 | 126篇 |
1987年 | 126篇 |
1986年 | 93篇 |
1985年 | 105篇 |
1984年 | 82篇 |
1983年 | 61篇 |
1982年 | 42篇 |
1981年 | 42篇 |
1979年 | 33篇 |
1978年 | 30篇 |
1975年 | 23篇 |
1974年 | 25篇 |
1972年 | 25篇 |
1971年 | 29篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
81.
渗透胁迫调节的转基因表达对植物抗旱耐盐性的影响 总被引:29,自引:0,他引:29
干旱和盐渍是影响植物生长和农作物产量的最重要的环境因子,本文综述了近年来通过超量表达低分子量化合物和渗透肋迫保护蛋白等获得抗旱耐盐转基因植物的报道,旨在系统阐述转基因表达对植物抗旱耐盐性的影响。 相似文献
82.
The degradation of plant material was studied in order to obtain degradation coefficients and nutrient release kinetics of the vegetation that will be submerged during the filling of the future Parana Medio man-made lake. A group of 13 plant species representative of the whole vegetation of the area were chosen.The plant samples (submerged at 2.5–4 m in the Setubal lagoon), were periodically analyzed during 97 days. The experimental data were fitted to an exponential decomposition model. The plants were classified according to their velocities of degradation into three groups: fast (K>0.01), mean (0.01>K>0.005) and slow (K<0.005). The curves of release of P, N, Ca, Mg, Na and K in function of time are presented and discussed. 相似文献
83.
Jin Yan Dong Xing Ping Li Lei Li Guo Hong Li Ya Jun Liu Ke Qin Zhang 《Annals of microbiology》2006,56(2):163-166
One hundred and eighty one fungal species that were isolated from the fresh fruiting bodies collected in the Mountains of Pu Er County of Yunnan Province, China were tested on the pine wood nematode,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in vitro. Each fungal species was grown in Czapek broth and potato dextrose broth (PDB). Fifteen filtrates fromAmauroderma austrosinense, Amauroderma macer, Filoboletus sp.,Laccaria tortilis, Lactarius gerardii, Lentinula edodes, Oudemansiella longipes, Oudemansiella mucida, Peziza sp.,Pleurotus sp.,Sinotermitomyces carnosus (two strains),Strobilomyces floccopus, Termitomyces albuminosus, Tylopilus striatulus grown on PDB were found to be pathogenic to the tested nematodes. Eleven filtrates fromAmanita junguillea, Amanita sp.,Daedalea sepiaria, Fistulina hepatica, Omphalotus olearius, Oudemansiella mucida, Peziza sp.,Pleurotus pulmatus, Ramaria sp.,Tricholoma conglobatum, Tylopilus striatulus grown on Czapek broth were also pathogenic to the nematodes. When screening for nematicidal potential of fungi, it is important to study the growth medium conditions necessary to obtain the optimal nematicidal effect as fungal filtrates growing on different liquid media showed a very inconsistent toxicity towards nematodes. 相似文献
84.
MicroRNA biogenesis and function in higher plants 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
85.
Toshihiko Sudo Xiaoxian Zhao Yoko Wakamatsu Miki Shibahara Nobuhiko Nomura Tadaatsu Nakahara Akemi Suzuki Yoshiro Kobayashi Chunyuan Jin Takehide Murata Kazunari K. Yokoyama 《Cytotechnology》2000,33(1-3):259-264
Four analogs of succinoyl trehalose lipid-3 (STL-3)with saturated even-number or odd-number carbonchains, and unsaturated or halogenated fatty acidswere examined for their ability to inhibit the growthand induce the differentiation of HL-60 humanpromyelocytic leukemia cells. The optimalconcentration of STL-3 at which such activities wererecognized was closed to the critical micelleconcentration of STL-3. Analog of STL-3 witheven-number or odd-number carbon chain and unsaturatedfatty acids strongly inhibited growth and induced thedifferentiation of HL-60 cells, as evaluated in termsof nitroblue tetrazilium-reducing activity and theappearance of the CD36 antigen. An analog of STL-3with halogenated fatty acids significantly inhibitedproliferation but only induced the differentiation ofHL-60 cells. Our results indicate that the effects ofSTL-3 and its analogs on HL-60 cells depend on thestructure of the hydrophobic moiety of STL-3.These authors contributed equally to this work 相似文献
86.
Hung-Yen Hsieh Wen-Tseng Lo Don-Chung Liu Pei-Kai Hsu Wei-Cheng Su 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》2007,78(4):333-346
The aim of this study was to investigate the species composition and distribution of fish larvae in relation to hydrographic
conditions in the waters surrounding Taiwan Island (TI) in February 2003. In total, 242 kinds of fish larvae belonging to
127 genera and 75 families were recognized. Among these, 109 taxa were identified to the family or genus level, others to
the species level. The 12 predominant types, which constituted 71% of the total fish larvae, were Engraulis japonica, Scomber sp., Diaphus spp., Benthosema pterotum, Carangoides ferdau, Embolichthys mitsukurii, Maurolicus sp., unidentified Myctophidae, Gonostoma gracile, Trichiurus lepturus, unidentified Gobiidae, and Myctophum asperum. The distribution of fish larvae showed a clear association with water masses around TI, with higher abundances and lower
species richness northwest of TI where the China Coastal Current prevails, and lower abundances and higher species diversity
east of TI where the Kuroshio Current dominates. Cluster analysis distinguished three station groups and four species groups,
and the distribution patterns of fish larvae also corresponded to hydrographic conditions. The total abundances of fish larvae
and eight of the 12 predominant taxa showed significant and positive correlations with zooplankton abundance, which suggests
that food source might be a key factor determining the abundance and distribution of fish larvae during the winter. 相似文献
87.
Lineage-specific evolution and gene flow in Listeria monocytogenes are independent of bacteriophages
Roxana Zamudio Richard D. Haigh Joseph D. Ralph Megan De Ste Croix Taurai Tasara Katrin Zurfluh Min Jung Kwun Andrew D. Millard Stephen D. Bentley Nicholas J. Croucher Roger Stephan Marco R. Oggioni 《Environmental microbiology》2020,22(12):5058-5072
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen causing systemic infection with high mortality. To allow efficient tracking of outbreaks a clear definition of the genomic signature of a cluster of related isolates is required, but lineage-specific characteristics call for a more detailed understanding of evolution. In our work, we used core genome MLST (cgMLST) to identify new outbreaks combined to core genome SNP analysis to characterize the population structure and gene flow between lineages. Whilst analysing differences between the four lineages of L. monocytogenes we have detected differences in the recombination rate, and interestingly also divergence in the SNP differences between sub-lineages. In addition, the exchange of core genome variation between the lineages exhibited a distinct pattern, with lineage III being the best donor for horizontal gene transfer. Whilst attempting to link bacteriophage-mediated transduction to observed gene transfer, we found an inverse correlation between phage presence in a lineage and the extent of recombination. Irrespective of the profound differences in recombination rates observed between sub-lineages and lineages, we found that the previously proposed cut-off of 10 allelic differences in cgMLST can be still considered valid for the definition of a foodborne outbreak cluster of L. monocytogenes. 相似文献
88.
Peter S. Thuy-Boun Ana Y. Wang Ana Crissien-Martinez Janice H. Xu Sandip Chatterjee Gregory S. Stupp Andrew I. Su Walter J. Coyle Dennis W. Wolan 《Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP》2022,21(3):100197
The gut microbiota plays an important yet incompletely understood role in the induction and propagation of ulcerative colitis (UC). Organism-level efforts to identify UC-associated microbes have revealed the importance of community structure, but less is known about the molecular effectors of disease. We performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing in parallel with label-free data-dependent LC-MS/MS proteomics to characterize the stool microbiomes of healthy (n = 8) and UC (n = 10) patients. Comparisons of taxonomic composition between techniques revealed major differences in community structure partially attributable to the additional detection of host, fungal, viral, and food peptides by metaproteomics. Differential expression analysis of metaproteomic data identified 176 significantly enriched protein groups between healthy and UC patients. Gene ontology analysis revealed several enriched functions with serine-type endopeptidase activity overrepresented in UC patients. Using a biotinylated fluorophosphonate probe and streptavidin-based enrichment, we show that serine endopeptidases are active in patient fecal samples and that additional putative serine hydrolases are detectable by this approach compared with unenriched profiling. Finally, as metaproteomic databases expand, they are expected to asymptotically approach completeness. Using ComPIL and de novo peptide sequencing, we estimate the size of the probable peptide space unidentified (“dark peptidome”) by our large database approach to establish a rough benchmark for database sufficiency. Despite high variability inherent in patient samples, our analysis yielded a catalog of differentially enriched proteins between healthy and UC fecal proteomes. This catalog provides a clinically relevant jumping-off point for further molecular-level studies aimed at identifying the microbial underpinnings of UC. 相似文献
89.
由于精胺(spermine)能特异地刺激哺乳动物tRNA~(Ile)的氨基酰化,本文用纯化的牛肝tRNA~(Ile)观察了精胺和Mg(2+)对tRNA~(Ile)CD光谱的影响。结果显示:Mg(2+)可使牛肝tRNA~(Ile)CD光谱峰向短波方向偏移2nm,波峰为263nm,峰值被增大约10%,ΔθMg(2+)=2.3×103deg·cm2/dmol;而精胺使牛肝tRNA~(Ile)CD光谱峰减少40%,Δθspermine=1×10(-4)deg·cm2/dmol;精胺和Mg(2+)对肝tRNA~(Ile)-IleRS复合物或IleRS的CD光谱基本无影响。表明Mg(2+)和精胺可影响牛肝tRNA~(Ile)的构象。实验同时以酵母tRNA(Phe)和E·colitRNA~(Ile)作为对照。 相似文献
90.
Discovery of an alternative fuel is now an urgent matter because of the impending issue of oil depletion. Lipids synthesized in algal cells called triacylglycerols (TAGs) are thought to be of the most value as a potential biofuel source because they can use transesterification to manufacture biodiesel. Biodiesel is deemed as a good solution to overcoming the problem of oil depletion since it is capable of providing good performance similar to that of petroleum. Expression of several genomic sequences, including glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase, phosphatidic acid phosphatase, diacylglycerol acyltransferase, and phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase, can be useful for manipulating metabolic pathways for biofuel production. In this study, we found this approach indeed increased the storage lipid content of C. minutissima UTEX 2219 up to 2-fold over that of wild type. Thus, we conclude this approach can be used with the biodiesel production platform of C. minutissima UTEX 2219 for high lipid production that will, in turn, enhance productivity. 相似文献