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51.
Interest in the use of low-copy nuclear genes for phylogenetic analyses of
plants has grown rapidly, because highly repetitive genes such as those
commonly used are limited in number. Furthermore, because low- copy genes
are subject to different evolutionary processes than are plastid genes or
highly repetitive nuclear markers, they provide a valuable source of
independent phylogenetic evidence. The gene for granule-bound starch
synthase (GBSSI or waxy) exists in a single copy in nearly all plants
examined so far. Our study of GBSSI had three parts: (1) Amino acid
sequences were compared across a broad taxonomic range, including grasses,
four dicotyledons, and the microbial homologs of GBSSI. Inferred structural
information was used to aid in the alignment of these very divergent
sequences. The informed alignments highlight amino acids that are conserved
across all sequences, and demonstrate that structural motifs can be highly
conserved in spite of marked divergence in amino acid sequence. (2)
Maximum-likelihood (ML) analyses were used to examine exon sequence
evolution throughout grasses. Differences in probabilities among
substitution types and marked among-site rate variation contributed to the
observed pattern of variation. Of the parameters examined in our set of
likelihood models, the inclusion of among-site rate variation following a
gamma distribution caused the greatest improvement in likelihood score. (3)
We performed cladistic parsimony analyses of GBSSI sequences throughout
grasses, within tribes, and within genera to examine the phylogenetic
utility of the gene. Introns provide useful information among very closely
related species, but quickly become difficult to align among more divergent
taxa. Exons are variable enough to provide extensive resolution within the
family, but with low bootstrap support. The combined results of amino acid
sequence comparisons, maximum-likelihood analyses, and phylogenetic studies
underscore factors that might affect phylogenetic reconstruction. In this
case, accommodation of the variable rate of evolution among sites might be
the first step in maximizing the phylogenetic utility of GBSSI.
相似文献
52.
J Y Li R S Sidhu E J Ford D M Long W M Hess G A Strobel 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》1998,20(5):259-264
A Periconia sp was isolated from Torreya grandifolia (a relative of yew that does not synthesize taxol) near Huangshan National Park in the People’s Republic of China. This fungus,
not previously known as a tree endophyte, was isolated from the inner bark of a small lower limb. When freshly isolated from
the tree and placed in a semi-synthetic medium, the fungus produced readily detectable quantities of the anticancer drug taxol.
Other taxol-producing endophytes were also isolated from this source. The production of taxol by Periconia sp was demonstrated unequivocally via spectroscopic and immunological methods. However, successive transfers of the fungus in
semi-synthetic medium resulted in gradual attenuation until low production occurred even though fungal growth was relatively
unaffected. Several compounds, known previously as activators of microbial metabolism, including serinol, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and a mixture of phenolic acids, were capable of fully or partially restoring taxol production to otherwise
taxol-attenuated cultures. The compound with the most impressive ability to activate taxol production was benzoic acid at
0.01 mM. Benzoic acid was not a taxol precursor.
Received 19 December 1997/ Accepted in revised form 19 February 1998 相似文献
53.
Hao-Han Chang Bernard Choong Anthony RJ Phillips Kerry M Loomes 《Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.)》2015,240(1):8-14
Diabetic nephropathy is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus with a pressing need for effective metabolic markers to detect renal impairment. Of potential significance are the inositol compounds, myo-inositol (MI), and the less abundant stereoisomer, D-chiro-inositol (DCI), which are excreted at increased levels in the urine in diabetes mellitus, a phenomenon known as inosituria. There is also a selective urinary excretion of DCI compared to MI. As the biological origins of altered inositol metabolism in diabetes mellitus are unknown, the aim of this study was to determine whether the diabetic kidney was directly responsible. Kidneys isolated from four-week streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were characterized by a 3-fold reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) compared to matched non-diabetic kidneys. When perfused with fixed quantities of MI (50 µM) and DCI (5 µM) under normoglycemic conditions (5 mM glucose), GFR-normalized urinary excretion of MI was increased by 1.7-fold in diabetic vs. non-diabetic kidneys. By comparison, GFR-normalized urinary excretion of DCI was increased by 4-fold. Perfusion conditions replicating hyperglycemia (20 mM glucose) potentiated DCI but not MI urinary excretion in both non-diabetic and diabetic kidneys. Overall, there was a 2.4-fold increase in DCI urinary excretion compared to MI in diabetic kidneys that was independent of glucose ambience. This increased urinary excretion of DCI and MI in diabetic kidneys occurred despite increased renal expression of the inositol transporters, sodium myo-inositol transporter subtype 1 and 2 (SMIT1 and SMIT2). These findings show that the diabetic kidney primarily mediates inosituria and altered urinary partitioning of MI and DCI. Urinary inositol levels might therefore serve as an indicator of impaired renal function in diabetes mellitus with wider implications for monitoring chronic kidney disease. 相似文献
54.
Geobacillus, a bacterial genus, is represented by over 25 species of Gram-positive isolates from various man-made and natural thermophilic
areas around the world. An isolate of this genus (M-7) has been acquired from a thermal area near Yellowstone National Park,
MT and partially characterized. The cells of this organism are globose (ca. 0.5 μ diameter), and they are covered in a matrix
capsule which gives rise to elongate multicelled bacilliform structures (ranging from 3 to 12 μm) as seen by light and atomic
force microscopy, respectively. The organism produces unique petal-shaped colonies (undulating margins) on nutrient agar,
and it has an optimum pH of 7.0 and an optimum temperature range of 55–65°C. The partial 16S rRNA sequence of this organism
has 97% similarity with Geobacillus stearothermophilus, one of its closest relatives genetically. However, uniquely among all members of this genus, Geobacillus sp. (M-7) produces volatile organic substances (VOCs) that possess potent antibiotic activities. Some of the more notable
components of the VOCs are benzaldehyde, acetic acid, butanal, 3-methyl-butanoic acid, 2-methyl-butanoic acid, propanoic acid,
2-methyl-, and benzeneacetaldehyde. An exposure of test organisms such as Aspergillus fumigatus, Botrytis cinerea, Verticillium dahliae, and Geotrichum candidum produced total inhibition of growth on a 48-h exposure to Geobacillus sp.(M-7) cells (ca.107) and killing at a 72-h exposure at higher bacterial cell concentrations. A synthetic mixture of those available volatile
compounds, at the ratios occurring in Geobacillus sp. (M-7), mimicked the bioactivity of this organism. 相似文献
55.
Clostridium thermocellum, a cellulolytic, thermophilic anaerobe, has potential for commercial exploitation in converting fibrous biomass to ethanol.
However, ethanol concentrations above 1% (w/v) are inhibitory to growth and fermentation, and this limits industrial application of the organism. Recent work with ethanol-adapted
strains suggested that protein changes occurred during ethanol adaptation, particularly in the membrane proteome. A two-stage
Bicine-doubled sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protocol was designed to separate membrane proteins
and circumvent problems associated with membrane protein analysis using traditional gel-based proteomics approaches. Wild-type
and ethanol-adapted C. thermocellum membranes displayed similar spot diversity and approximately 60% of proteins identified from purified membrane fractions
were observed to be differentially expressed in the two strains. A majority (73%) of differentially expressed proteins were
down-regulated in the ethanol-adapted strain. Based on putative identifications, a significant proportion of these down-regulated
proteins were involved with carbohydrate transport and metabolism. Approximately one-third of the up-regulated proteins in
the ethanol-adapted species were associated with chemotaxis and signal transduction. Overall, the results suggested that membrane-associated
proteins in the ethanol-adapted strain are either being synthesized in lower quantities or not properly incorporated into
the cell membrane. 相似文献
56.
Hundorfean G Zimmer KP Strobel S Gebert A Ludwig D Büning J 《American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology》2007,293(4):G798-G808
In contrast to healthy conditions, intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) stimulate proinflammatory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during Crohn's disease (CD). The underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unknown. Here we investigated the epithelial expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I and MHC II and its interference with endocytic pathways, in vivo. During ileoscopy, ovalbumin (OVA) was sprayed onto ileal mucosa of CD patients (ileitis and remission) and controls. The epithelial traffic of OVA and MHC I/II pathways were studied in biopsies using fluorescence and electron microscopy. We found MHC I and MHC II to accumulate within multivesicular late endosomes (MVLE) of IECs. Faint labeling for these molecules was seen in early endosomes and lysosomes. MVLE were entered by OVA 10 min after exposure. Exosomes carrying MHC I, MHC II, and OVA were detected in intercellular spaces of the epithelium. OVA trafficking and labeling patterns for MHC I and MHC II in IECs showed no differences between CD patients and controls. Independent of inflammatory stimuli, MHC I and MHC II pathways intersect MVLE in IECs, which were efficiently targeted by luminal antigens. Similar to MHC II-enriched compartments in professional antigen presenting cells, these MVLE might be critically involved in MHC I- and MHC II-related antigen processing in IECs and the source of epithelial-released exosomes. The access of luminal antigens to MHC I in MVLE might indicate that the presentation of exogenous antigens by IECs must not be restricted to MHC II but might also occur as "cross-presentation" via MHC I to CD8+ T cells. 相似文献
57.
58.
Wuest F Berndt M Strobel K van den Hoff J Peng X Neumeyer JL Bergmann R 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry》2007,15(13):4511-4519
The fluoroalkyl-containing tropane derivative 2beta-carbo-2'-fluoroethoxy-3beta-(4-bromo-phenyl)tropane (MCL-322) is a highly potent and moderately selective ligand for the dopamine transporter (DAT). The compound was labeled with the short-lived positron emitter (18)F in a single step by nucleophilic displacement of the corresponding tosylate precursor MCL-323 with no-carrier-added [(18)F]fluoride. The positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer 2beta-carbo-2'-[(18)F]fluoroethoxy-3beta-(4-bromo-phenyl)tropane [(18)F]MCL-322 was obtained in decay-corrected radiochemical yields of 30-40% at a specific radioactivity of 1.6-2.4Ci/mumol (60-90GBq/mumol) at the end-of-synthesis (EOS). Small animal PET, ex vivo and in vivo biodistribution experiments in rats demonstrated a high uptake in the striatum (3.2% ID/g) 5min after injection, which increased to 4.2% ID/g after 60min. The uptake in the cerebellum was 1.8% ID/g and 0.6% ID/g after 5min and 60min post-injection, respectively. Specific binding to DAT of [(18)F]MCL-322 was confirmed by blocking experiments using the high affinity DAT ligand GBR 12909. The radiopharmacological characterization was completed with metabolite and autoradiographic studies confirming the selective uptake of [(18)F]MCL-322 in the striatum. It is concluded that the simple single-step radiosynthesis of [(18)F]MCL-322 and the promising radiopharmacological data make [(18)F]MCL-322 an attractive candidate for the further development of a PET radiotracer potentially suitable for clinical DAT imaging in the human brain. 相似文献
59.
60.
Kathryn D. Smith Patricia B. Gordon Alberto Rivetta Kenneth E. Allen Tetyana Berbasova Clifford Slayman Scott A. Strobel 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2015,290(32):19874-19887
Fluoride is a ubiquitous environmental toxin with which all biological species must cope. A recently discovered family of fluoride export (FEX) proteins protects organisms from fluoride toxicity by removing it from the cell. We show here that FEX proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae function as ion channels that are selective for fluoride over chloride and that these proteins are constitutively expressed at the yeast plasma membrane. Continuous expression is in contrast to many other toxin exporters in yeast, and this, along with the fact that two nearly duplicate proteins are encoded in the yeast genome, suggests that the threat posed by fluoride ions is frequent and detrimental. Structurally, eukaryotic FEX proteins consist of two homologous four-transmembrane helix domains folded into an antiparallel dimer, where the orientation of the two domains is fixed by a single transmembrane linker helix. Using phylogenetic sequence conservation as a guide, we have identified several functionally important residues. There is substantial functional asymmetry in the effect of mutation at corresponding sites in the two domains. Specifically, mutations to residues in the C-terminal domain proved significantly more detrimental to function than did similar mutations in the N-terminal domain. Our data suggest particular residues that may be important to anion specificity, most notably the necessity of a positive charge near the end of TMH1 in the C-terminal domain. It is possible that a cationic charge at this location may create an electrostatic well for fluoride ions entering the channel from the cytoplasm. 相似文献