Viruses, dendritic cells and the lung

The interaction between viruses and dendritic cells (DCs) is varied and complex. DCs are key elements in the development of a host response to pathogens such as viruses, but viruses have developed survival tactics to either evade or diminish the immune system that functions to kill and eliminate these micro-organisms. In the present review we summarize current concepts regarding the function of DCs in the immune system, our understanding of how viruses alter DC function to attenuate both the virus-specific and global immune response, and how we may be able to exploit DC function to prevent or treat viral infections.     

A genetic comparison of strains ofzymomonas mobilis by analysis of plasmid DNA

Summary Strains ofZymomonas mobilis were examined for their ability to act as recipients of plasmid DNA and for the relatedness of native plasmids which these strains harbor. We conclude that the high ethanol producing strains CP3 and CP4 are identical.     

The Relationships between Phase and Period Responses to Light Pulses

Current theories of stable circadian entrainment postulate phase delays should be associated with period lengthening, while phase advances should be associated with period shortening. While characterising features of the rat PRC to light, we noted substantial numbers of responses that displayed the opposite pattern. Forty-eight rats provided data for 192 phase responses. Limiting our analysis to phase shifts greater than 1 hour, we found 44 displayed the expected predicted relationship, and 33 displayed the contrary paradoxical relationship. Paradoxical responders possessed significantly shorter initial activity periods, compared to predicted responders. Activity was significantly lengthened by paradoxical responders and shortened by predicted responders following light pulse exposure. These results suggest a second mode of stable entrainment. Additionally, these results indicate entrainment mode, predicted or paradoxical, is based upon activity period duration. Short activity period durations will be associated with paradoxical responses, long durations will be associated with predicted responses. We argue that, given the dynamic changes in photoperiod, both modes of entrainment are necessary to provide stable entrainment across the year.