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31.
Stoel M Jiang HQ van Diemen CC Bun JC Dammers PM Thurnheer MC Kroese FG Cebra JJ Bos NA 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》2005,174(2):1046-1054
Mucosal IgA is the most abundantly produced Ig upon colonization of the intestinal tract with commensal organisms in the majority of mammals. The repertoire of these IgA molecules is still largely unknown; a large amount of the mucosal IgA cannot be shown to react with the inducing microorganisms. Analysis of the repertoire of used H chain Ig (V(H)) genes by H-CDR3 spectrotyping, cloning, and sequencing of V(H) genes from murine intestinal IgA-producing plasma cells reveals a very restricted usage of V(H) genes and multiple clonally related sequences. The restricted usage of V(H) genes is a very consistent observation, and is observed for IgA plasma cells derived from B-1 or conventional B-2 cells from different mouse strains. Clonal patterns from all analyzed V(H) gene sequences show mainly independently acquired somatic mutations in contrast to the clonal evolution patterns often observed as a consequence of affinity maturation in germinal center reactions in peripheral lymphoid organs and Peyer's patches. Our data suggest a model of clonal expansion in which many mucosal IgA-producing B cells develop in the absence of affinity maturation. The affinity of most produced IgA might not be the most critical factor for its possible function to control the commensal organisms, but simply the abundance of large amounts of IgA that can bind with relatively unselected affinity to redundant epitopes on such organisms. 相似文献
32.
The performance of fungal xylan-degrading enzyme preparations in elemental chlorine-free bleaching for Eucalyptus pulp 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Medeiros RG Silva FG Salles BC Estelles RS Filho EX 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2002,28(4):204-206
Cellulase-free xylan-degrading enzyme preparations from Acrophialophora nainiana, Humicola grisea var. thermoidea and two Trichoderma harzianum strains were used as bleaching agents for Eucalyptus kraft pulp, prior to a chlorine dioxide and alkaline bleaching sequence. In comparison to the control sequence (performed
without xylanase pretreatment), the sequence incorporating enzyme treatment was more effective. Removal of residual lignin
was indicated by a reduction in kappa number. Overall, enzyme preparations from T. harzianum were marginally more effective in reducing pulp viscosity and chlorine chemical consumption and improving the brightness
of the kraft pulp. However, the highest reduction in pulp viscosity was mediated by the xylanase preparation from A. nainiana. Xylanase pretreatment compares very favorably with that of chemical pulping. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2002) 28, 204–206 DOI: 10.1038/sj/jim/7000227
Received 27 April 2001/ Accepted in revised form 03 November 2001 相似文献
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Microsatellite evolution--a reciprocal study of repeat lengths at homologous loci in cattle and sheep 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Ellegren H; Moore S; Robinson N; Byrne K; Ward W; Sheldon BC 《Molecular biology and evolution》1997,14(8):854-860
The application of microsatellites in evolutionary studies requires an
understanding of the patterns governing their evolution in different
species. The finding that homologous microsatellite loci are longer, i.e.,
containing more repeat units, in human and in other primates has been taken
as evidence for directional microsatellite evolution and for a difference
in the rate of evolution between species. However, it has been argued that
this finding is an inevitable consequence of biased selection of
longer-than-average microsatellites in human, because cloning procedures
are adopted to generate polymorphic and, hence, long markers. As a test of
this hypothesis, we conducted a reciprocal comparison of the lengths of
microsatellite loci in cattle and sheep using markers derived from the
bovine genome as well as the ovine genome. In both cases, amplification
products were longer in the focal species, and loci were also more
polymorphic in the species from which they were originally cloned. The
crossing pattern that we found suggests that interspecific length
differences detected at homologous microsatellite loci are the result of
biased selection of loci associated with cloning procedures. Hence,
comparisons of microsatellite evolution between species are flawed unless
they are based on reciprocal analyses or on genuinely random selection of
loci with respect to repeat length.
相似文献
35.
A 65-year-old woman was admitted with severe but mainly atypical chest pain at rest for some weeks. Two years ago, primary percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting of the mid left anterior descending artery (LAD) had been performed in the setting of an anterior myocardial infarction. Physical examination, electrocardiogram, serum levels of troponin I, and echocardiography were normal. During maximal treadmill test, a significant depression of the ST segment was found in leads V4 to V6 while the patient remained asymptomatic. Coronary angiography demonstrated normal right (figure 1A) and circumflex (figure 1B) coronary arteries while the LAD was totally occluded just proximal to the previously implanted stent (figure 1B). However, a few minutes later, ventriculography showed – besides normal left ventricular function – anterograde filling of the LAD (figure 1C, arrows). 相似文献
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van Ijsseldijk EA Valstar ER Stoel BC Nelissen RG Reiber JH Kaptein BL 《Journal of biomechanics》2011,44(15):2724-2727
Accurate in vivo measurements methods of wear in total knee arthroplasty are required for a timely detection of excessive wear and to assess new implant designs. Component separation measurements based on model-based Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis (RSA), in which 3-dimensional reconstruction methods are used, have shown promising results, yet the robustness of these measurements is unknown. In this study, the accuracy and robustness of this measurement for clinical usage was assessed. The validation experiments were conducted in an RSA setup with a phantom setup of a knee in a vertical orientation. 72 RSA images were created using different variables for knee orientations, two prosthesis types (fixed-bearing Duracon knee and fixed-bearing Triathlon knee) and accuracies of the reconstruction models. The measurement error was determined for absolute and relative measurements and the effect of knee positioning and true seperation distance was determined. The measurement method overestimated the separation distance with 0.1mm on average. The precision of the method was 0.10mm (2*SD) for the Duracon prosthesis and 0.20mm for the Triathlon prosthesis. A slight difference in error was found between the measurements with 0° and 10° anterior tilt. (difference=0.08mm, p=0.04). The accuracy of 0.1mm and precision of 0.2mm can be achieved for linear wear measurements based on model-based RSA, which is more than adequate for clinical applications. The measurement is robust in clinical settings. Although anterior tilt seems to influence the measurement, the size of this influence is low and clinically irrelevant. 相似文献
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Marcelo Filonzi Laís C Cardoso Maristela T Pimenta Daniel BC Queiróz Maria CW Avellar Catarina S Porto Maria FM Lazari 《Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E》2007,5(1):29
Background
Relaxin is the endogenous ligand of the G-protein coupled receptor RXFP1, previously known as LGR7. In humans relaxin can also activate, but with lower affinity, the closely related receptor for the insulin-like peptide from Leydig cells, RXFP2, previously known as LGR8. The lack of relaxin impairs male fertility but the precise distribution and the function of relaxin receptors in the male reproductive tract is not known. We investigated the distribution of Rxfp1 and Rxfp2 in the reproductive tract of the male rat and the function of relaxin in the vas deferens, a tissue with high expression of both receptors. 相似文献39.
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de Bruin PW Kaptein BL Stoel BC Reiber JH Rozing PM Valstar ER 《Journal of biomechanics》2008,41(1):155-164
Image-based Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis (IBRSA) integrates 2D-3D image registration and conventional RSA. Instead of radiopaque RSA bone markers, IBRSA uses 3D CT data, from which digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) are generated. Using 2D-3D image registration, the 3D pose of the CT is iteratively adjusted such that the generated DRRs resemble the 2D RSA images as closely as possible, according to an image matching metric. Effectively, by registering all 2D follow-up moments to the same 3D CT, the CT volume functions as common ground. In two experiments, using RSA and using a micromanipulator as gold standard, IBRSA has been validated on cadaveric and sawbone scapula radiographs, and good matching results have been achieved. The accuracy was: |mu |< 0.083 mm for translations and |mu| < 0.023 degrees for rotations. The precision sigma in x-, y-, and z-direction was 0.090, 0.077, and 0.220 mm for translations and 0.155 degrees , 0.243 degrees , and 0.074 degrees for rotations. Our results show that the accuracy and precision of in vitro IBRSA, performed under ideal laboratory conditions, are lower than in vitro standard RSA but higher than in vivo standard RSA. Because IBRSA does not require radiopaque markers, it adds functionality to the RSA method by opening new directions and possibilities for research, such as dynamic analyses using fluoroscopy on subjects without markers and computer navigation applications. 相似文献