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Peripheral blood mononuclear phagocytes mediate dissemination of murine cytomegalovirus. 总被引:18,自引:13,他引:5
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C A Stoddart R D Cardin J M Boname W C Manning G B Abenes E S Mocarski 《Journal of virology》1994,68(10):6243-6253
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ADRIAN A. BARNETT SARAH A. BOYLE MARILYN M. NORCONK SUZANNE PALMINTERI RICARDO R. SANTOS LIZA M. VEIGA THIAGO H.G. ALVIM MARK BOWLER JANICE CHISM ANTHONY DI FIORE EDUARDO FERNANDEZ‐DUQUE ANA C. P. GUIMARÃES AMY HARRISON‐LEVINE TORBJØRN HAUGAASEN SHAWN LEHMAN KATHERINE C. MACKINNON FABIANO R. DE MELO LEANDRO S. MOREIRA VIVIANE S. MOURA CARSON R. PHILLIPS LILIAM P. PINTO MARCIO PORT‐CARVALHO ELEONORE Z. F. SETZ CHRISTOPHER SHAFFER LÍVIA RODRIGUES DA SILVA SULEIMA DO S. B. DA SILVA RAFAELA F. SOARES CYNTHIA L. THOMPSON TATIANA M. VIEIRA ARIOENE VREEDZAAM SUZANNE E. WALKER‐PACHECO WILSON R. SPIRONELLO ANN MACLARNON STEPHEN F. FERRARI 《American journal of primatology》2012,74(12):1106-1127
Neotropical monkeys of the genera Cacajao, Chiropotes, and Pithecia (Pitheciidae) are considered to be highly arboreal, spending most of their time feeding and traveling in the upper canopy. Until now, the use of terrestrial substrates has not been analyzed in detail in this group. Here, we review the frequency of terrestrial use among pitheciin taxa to determine the ecological and social conditions that might lead to such behavior. We collated published and unpublished data from 14 taxa in the three genera. Data were gleaned from 53 published studies (including five on multiple pitheciin genera) and personal communications of unpublished data distributed across 31 localities. Terrestrial activity was reported in 61% of Pithecia field studies (11 of 18), in 34% of Chiropotes studies (10 of 29), and 36% of Cacajao studies (4 of 11). Within Pithecia, terrestrial behavior was more frequently reported in smaller species (e.g. P. pithecia) that are vertical clingers and leapers and make extensive use of the understory than in in the larger bodied canopy dwellers of the western Amazon (e.g. P. irrorata). Terrestrial behavior in Pithecia also occurred more frequently and lasted longer than in Cacajao or Chiropotes. An apparent association was found between flooded habitats and terrestrial activity and there is evidence of the development of a “local pattern” of terrestrial use in some populations. Seasonal fruit availability also may stimulate terrestrial behavior. Individuals also descended to the ground when visiting mineral licks, escaping predators, and responding to accidents such as a dropped infant. Overall, the results of this review emphasize that terrestrial use is rare among the pitheciins in general and is usually associated with the exploitation of specific resources or habitat types. Am. J. Primatol. 74:1106‐1127, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
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High-resolution growth measurements were conducted using a linear variable displacement transformer in conjunction with a temperature-programmed meristem-cooling collar. Chilling and rewarming profiles were determined for a range of Gramineae, in the presence and absence of varying concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3). In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings, the growth-constraining temperature (Pe) was progressively lowered by increasing GA3 concentration, with a difference of-4.8°C between controls and material treated with 10–4 M GA3. Dwarf-5 maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings had a higher Pe than tall segregates and the difference was markedly reduced by exposure to a saturating concentration of GA3. A similar effect was observed with Tanginbozu dwarf rice (Oryza sativa L.). The growth ratetemperature responses of Rht3 gibberellin-insensitive dwarf wheat seedlings were unaffected by GA3 and the Pe values for these segregates were around 5° C higher than for normals. Slender (s1) barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes had Pe values of-7° C, compared with +4° C for wild-type material, and did not show positive hysteresis for growth rate during the rewarming phase. These studies indicate that GA3 modifies the thermal sensitivity of meristem function in Gramineae in a manner which enhances low-temperature growth.Abbreviations GA
gibberellin
- GA3
gibberellic acid
- LVDT
linear variable displacement transducer 相似文献
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