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11.
12.
Background
Recent studies point to a great diversity of non-ribosomal peptide synthesis systems with major roles in amino acid and co-factor biosynthesis, secondary metabolism, and post-translational modifications of proteins by peptide tags. The least studied of these systems are those utilizing tRNAs or aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AAtRS) in non-ribosomal peptide ligation. 相似文献13.
14.
Background
Substituted catechols are important precursors for large-scale synthesis of pharmaceuticals and other industrial products. Most of the reported chemical synthesis methods are expensive and insufficient at industrial level. However, biological processes for production of substituted catechols could be highly selective and suitable for industrial purposes. 相似文献15.
16.
Food availability is important to the dynamics of animal social organizations or populations. However, the role of winter
food availability in animal population dynamics is still controversial. We carried out an experimental study to test Lack’s
hypothesis that reduced food in winter limits survival and spring numbers of breeding individuals of social groups, using
the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) as model species. We established 24 gerbil social groups in 24, 10 × 10 m, pens in September 2008. We provided wheat seeds
as supplemental food in 12 enclosures from September 2008 to March 2009; the other 12 enclosures, not provided with supplemental
food, served as controls. We live-trapped gerbils at a 2-week interval from September to April. Supplemental food during winter
increased biweekly survival by 10% relative to that in control groups. Only four control social groups survived to the end
of our study whereas all 12 food-supplemented social groups survived through our study period. Supplemental food also increased
cumulative numbers of recruits and group sizes of gerbils. We conclude that winter food availability limits winter survival
and spring social groups or population sizes of Mongolian gerbils. 相似文献
17.
John H. Pazur Belin Liu Steven Pyke Craig R. Baumrucker 《Journal of Protein Chemistry》1987,6(6):517-527
Glucoamylase is a starch-hydrolyzing enzyme with a glycoprotein structure, used industrially for the conversion of starch to glucose, citric acid, corn syrups, and high-fructose sweeteners. This enzyme possesses an unusual type of structure in which many carbohydrate side chains are linked O-glycosidically to serine and threonine residues of the polypeptide chain. The carbohydrate side chains may be single monosaccharide residues or oligosaccharides of mannose, glucose, galactose, and in some cases N-acetylglucosamine. New data from experiments on the CNBr fragmentation of glucoamylase followed by chemical and immunological characterization of the fragments show that the carbohydrate side chains are distributed randomly along the polypeptide chain. Such a structure is appropriately termed a random model reprensentation for the glucoamylase molecule. 相似文献
18.
David M. Anderson Richard H. Scheller James W. Posakony Linda B. McAllister Steven G. Trabert Clifford Beall Roy J. Britten Eric H. Davidson 《Journal of molecular biology》1981,145(1):5-28
Three repetitive sequence families from the sea urchin genome were studied, each defined by homology with a specific cloned probe one to a few hundred nucleotides long. Recombinant λ-sea urchin DNA libraries were screened with these probes, and individual recombinants were selected that include genomic members of these families. Restriction mapping, gel blot, and kinetic analyses were carried out to determine the organization of each repeat family. Sequence elements belonging to the first of the three repeat families were found to be embedded in longer repeat sequences. These repeat sequences frequently occur in small clusters. Members of the second repeat family are also found in a long repetitive sequence environment, but these repeats usually occur singly in any given region of the DNA. The sequences of the third repeat are only 200 to 300 nucleotides long, and are generally terminated by single copy DNA, though a few examples were found associated with other repeats. These three repeat sequence families constitute sets of homologous sequence elements that relate distant regions of the DNA. 相似文献
19.
Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analyses have improved our understanding of food webs and movement patterns of aquatic
organisms. These techniques have recently been applied to diet studies of elasmobranch fishes, but isotope turnover rates
and isotope diet–tissue discrimination are still poorly understood for this group. We performed a diet switch experiment on
captive sandbar sharks (Carcharhinus plumbeus) as a model shark species to determine tissue turnover rates for liver, whole blood, and white muscle. In a second experiment,
we subjected captive coastal skates (Leucoraja spp.) to serial salinity reductions to measure possible impacts of tissue urea content on nitrogen stable isotope values.
We extracted urea from spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) white muscle to test for effects on nitrogen stable isotopes. Isotope turnover was slow for shark tissues and similar to
previously published estimates for stingrays and teleost fishes with low growth rates. Muscle isotope data would likely fail
to capture seasonal migrations or diet switches in sharks, while liver and whole blood would more closely reflect shorter
term movement or shifts in diet. Nitrogen stable isotope values of skate blood and skate and dogfish white muscle were not
affected by tissue urea content, suggesting that available diet–tissue discrimination estimates for teleost fishes with similar
physiologies would provide accurate estimates for elasmobranchs. 相似文献
20.
Steven J. Tucker David McClelland Kristina Sep?i? Roderick H. Scott 《生物化学与生物物理学报:生物膜》2003,1614(2):171-181
The ability of two alkyl pyridinium sponge toxin preparations (poly-APS and halitoxin) to form transient pores/lesions in cell membranes and allow transfection of plasmid cDNA have been investigated using HEK 293 cells. Poly-APS and halitoxin preparations caused a collapse in membrane potential, reductions in input resistance and increased Ca2+ permeability. At least partial recovery was observed after poly-APS application but recovery was more rarely seen with halitoxin. The transfection with plasmid cDNAs for an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and human tumour necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) was assessed for both toxin preparations and compared with lipofectamine. Stable transfection was achieved with poly-APS although it was less efficient than lipofectamine. These results show that viable cells transfected with alien cDNA can be obtained using novel transient pore-forming alkyl pyridinium sponge toxins and a simple pre-incubation protocol. This provides the first proof of principle that pore-forming alkyl pyridinium compounds can be used to deliver cDNA to the intracellular environment without permanently compromising the plasma membrane. 相似文献