Organization of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid genes in various wild-type strains and wild-collected strains of Neurospora

Summary The organization of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repcat unit in the standard wild-type strain of Neurospora crassa, 74-OR23-1A, and in 30 other wild-type strains and wild-collected strains of N. crassa, N. tetrasperma, N. sitophila, N. intermedia, and N. discreta isolated from nature, was investigated by restriction enzyme digestion of genomic DNA, and probing of the Southern-blotted DNA fragments with specific cloned pieces of the rDNA unit from 74-OR23-1A. The size of the rDNA unit in 74-OR23-1A was shown to be 9.20 kilobase pairs (kb) from blotting data, and the average for all strains was 9.11+0.21 kb; standard error=0.038; coefficient of variation (C.V.)=2.34%. These data indicate that the rDNA repeat unit size has been highly conserved among the Neurospora strains investigated. However, while all strains have a conserved HindIII site near the 5 end of the 25 S rDNA coding sequence, a polymorphism in the number and/or position of HindIII sites in the nontranscribed spacer region was found between strains. The 74-OR23-1A strain has two HindIII sites in the spacer, while others have from 0 to at least 3. This restriction site polymorphism is strain-specific and not species-specific. It was confirmed for some strains by restriction analysis of clones containing most of the rDNA repeat unit. The current restriction map of the 74-OR23-1A rDNA repeat unit is presented.     

Dopamine- and octopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in the brain of adultCulex pipiens mosquitoes

The effects of dopamine and octopamine on adenylate cyclase activity were studied on the head homogenate of adult Culex pipiens mosquitoes in vitro. Both dopamine and octopamine were shown to increase the cyclic AMP content in the homogenate. The antagonist haloperidol blocked the production of cyclic AMP induced from dopamine but had no effect on the production of cyclic AMP induced by octopamine at the concentrations tested. The opiate agonist etorphine was ineffective at reducing cyclic AMP levels induced by either dopamine or octopamine at the concentrations tested.     

Dinitrogen fixation by obligate and facultative anaerobic bacteria in association with cellulolytic fungi

The anaerobic bacteriumClostridium butyricum is the major contributor to nitrogen gains by a cellulolytic/nitrogen-fixing population isolated from straw. Growth of the anaerobe is supported by the products of fungal cellulases. The facultative anaerobeEnterobacter cloacae does not make a significant direct contribution to nitrogen fixation but in association withC. butyricum allows the anaerobe to grow under aerobic conditions. The major function ofE. cloacae is though to be provision of oxygen-depleted microsites.     

Postnatal Changes in Cathepsin D in Rat Neural Tissue

Cathepsin D, an aspartyl endopeptidase, was analyzed in cortex from forebrain and cerebellum, spinal cord, and optic and sciatic nerves, and in the liver of rats from 1 to 120 days of age. Cathepsin D was quantitated in tissue extracts by measurement of enzyme specific activity on a substrate of [methyl-¹⁴C]-methylated hemoglobin and by radioimmunoassay. Immunocytochemistry was used to ascertain the identity of the mixed cell types that contributed to the cathepsin D detected. As quantitated by radioimmunoassay, immunoreactive cathepsin D varied between 0.2 and 1 ng/μg of total protein. Maximum activity occurred at approximately the 15th postnatal day; the least amount of immunoreactive cathepsin D was found at 30 or 60 days of age. A subsequent increase of varying magnitude occurred at postnatal day 120. There was good correspondence between immunoreactive enzyme and enzyme specific activity, which ranged from 1 to 4 ng/μg of total protein, and the activities determined by the two methods provided similar, but not identical, developmental profiles. Cathepsin D was demonstrated by immunocytochemistry to be present in most neurons, in all choroid plexus epithelium, and in certain oligodendrocytes from the first postnatal day. Cathepsin D was present in oligodendrocytes in cord lateral funiculi and optic nerve by the first postnatal day, and by the sixth postnatal day many oligodendrocytes were abundantly stained. In contrast, oligodendrocytes in the corpus callosum and in the cerebellar white matter did not contain demonstrable cathepsin D until postnatal days 10 and 15, respectively. These results indicate a role for cathepsin D during the postnatal development of rat CNS and suggest that this proteinase may be involved in the steps of myelination.     

A model of the role of natural killer cells in immune surveillance — II

The functioning of natural killer (NK) cells as immune surveillance effector cells against tumors is explored. In part I (J. Math. Biol. 12, 363-373 (1981], it was predicted that susceptible tumors would be eliminated if they have parameter lambda 0 value negative. They would not be eliminated if lambda 0 greater than 0. As the lambda 0 less than 0 result was local, one expected either that tumors of all sizes with lambda 0 less than 0 will be eliminated (global stability) or that tumor population will go to zero if in a domain of attraction of the critical point which is not all of the positive orthant. In this paper, the second is shown to be true. The general results are illustrated by a specific model.     

Reflectance and transmittance of light by leaves

Spectrophotometric transmittance and reflectance curves were recorded for wavelengths from 0.45 (in some cases 0.34) to 2.7 micrometers for faces and backs of leaves and for stacked leaves of several plant species. Measurements were made at different angles of illumination. Leaf spectrophotometric curves were compared with curves for leaf extracts, potato tuber tissue, glass beads in water, and frozen leaves to demonstrate the physical bases for the leaf curves. Leaves were infiltrated with liquids of different refractive indices for further comparison of spectrophotometric curves. Goniophotometric reflectance curves were recorded, giving visible reflectance and degree of polarization as functions of viewing angle for two different angles of illumination.     

Simple Medium for Pigment Production by the Erythrasma Diphtheroid

A simple method for the isolation and identification of the causative diphtheroid of erythrasma, Corynebacterium minutissimum, utilizes Muiller-Hinton Agar.     

A note on the diffusion approximation for single neuron firing problems

Summary This paper presents a well-known stochastic model used to describe the firing or discharge pattern of a single neuron in terms of various input processes, and shows how the potential level of the neuron can be given by means of a diffusion equation approximation. There is a discussion of the adequacy of this approximation, and the paper concludes with a brief discussion of first passage time problems.Supported in part by a grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to the Committee on Mathematical Biology and by a grant of the Statistical Branch, Office of Naval Research to the Department of Statistics, University of Chicago.