Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus gen. nov., sp. nov., a new, extremely halotolerant, hydrocarbon-degrading marine bacterium.

On the basis of phenotypical characteristics and analysis of 16S rRNA sequence, a new species belonging to a new genus is described, and the name Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus is proposed. This organism, isolated from Mediterranean seawater near a petroleum refinery, is a gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. It grows at NaCl concentrations of 0.08 to 3.5 M and uses various hydrocarbons as the sole source of carbon and energy. Its DNA has a guanine-plus-cytosine content of 52.7 mol%. The 16S rRNA analysis shows a clear affiliation between M. hydrocarbonoclasticus and the gamma group of the phylum Proteobacteria. A close phylogenetic relationship appears among the species Marinomonas vaga, Oceanospirillum linum, Halomonas elongata, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Because of the impossibility of finding a single most closely related species, we suggest that this bacterium be assigned to a new genus, at least temporarily. The possibility of a revision of this status when new data appear is, however, not excluded. The type strain is M. hydrocarbonoclasticus SP.17 (= ATCC 49840).     

Phylogenetic analysis of the pathogenic anaerobe Clostridium perfringens using the 16S rRNA nucleotide sequence.

Clostridium perfringens, the first pathogenic clostridium examined, was placed in the nonmycoplasma subgroup of the low-dG+dC-content gram-positive cluster on the basis of the results of a phylogenetic analysis in which we used 16S rRNA comparisons. The closest relative that has been identified to date is Clostridium pasteurianum.     

Evolutionary Consequences of DNA Mismatch Inhibited Repair Opportunity

Double strand breaks (DSBs) are often repaired via homologous recombination. Recombinational repair processes are expected to be influenced by nucleotide heterozygosity through mismatch detection systems. Unrepaired DSBs have severe biological consequences and are often lethal. We show that natural selection due to inhibition of recombinational repair associated with polymorphisms could influence their molecular evolution. The main conclusions from this analysis are that, for increasing population size, mismatch detection leads to a limit on average heterozygosity of otherwise selectively neutral polymorphism, an excess of rare variants, and a slowing down of the rate of neutral molecular evolution. The first two results suggest that mismatch detection may account for the surprisingly narrow range of observed average heterozygosities, given the great variation in population size between species.     

Differences in the In Vitro and In Vivo 5-Hydroxytryptamine Extraction Performance Among Three Common Microdialysis Membranes

The present study summarizes the results of an in vitro and in vivo comparison of the apparent 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid dialysis performance of three types of membrane frequently used in intracerebral microdialysis experiments. The dialysis fiber types examined were a regenerated cellulose Cuprophan (GF), a proprietary polycarbonate ether (CMA), and a polyacrylonitrile/sodium methallylsulfonate copolymer (HOSPAL). The experiments unexpectedly revealed that the HOSPAL membrane-equipped probes displayed clearly aberrant 5-HT diffusion dynamics compared with GF and CMA probes, demonstrable not only in vitro, but also in in vivo experiments. In vitro, the GF and CMA membrane-equipped probes exhibited maximum relative recovery for 5-HT already in the first 20-min sample, whereas the 5-HT recovery of HOSPAL probes increased in a very slow and protracted manner over a period of a little less than 2 h. The GF and CMA probes further displayed an immediate washout of 5-HT when the probes were subsequently transferred to artificial CSF only-containing medium (no 5-HT), whereas approximately 2 h was required to yield near-total extinction of dialysate 5-HT with the standard HOSPAL probes. In vivo, the rat ventral hippocampal dialysate 5-HT output responses to K+ (100 mM) infusion, to Ca2+ omission, and to systemic 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin injection were all markedly retarded and blunted when HOSPAL instead of GF membrane-equipped probes were used. However, the 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid extraction in vitro and in vivo were comparable using either of the membrane types.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Enterohemolysin production is associated with a temperate bacteriophage in Escherichia coli serogroup O26 strains.

A temperate bacteriophage that determines the expression of enterohemolysin was isolated from Escherichia coli O26 strain C3888. The genetic determinant associated with enterohemolysin production (E-Hly determinant) was cloned from EcoRI-digested bacteriophage DNA in vector plasmid pUC8. pUC8 recombinant plasmid pEO19 carries a 3.7-kb EcoRI insert of phage DNA, and enterohemolysin was expressed in E. coli K-12 after transformation. Hemolysin-negative derivatives of pEO19 were generated by transposon mutagenesis with Tn1725. By subcloning, the phage E-Hly determinant was assigned to a 2,150-bp piece of DNA which is flanked by EcoRI and AccI restriction sites. The enterohemolysin-producing recombinant strains and wild-type strain C3888 express a 60-kDa protein which was detected in the bacterial outer membrane by Western immunoblotting. Biologically active enterohemolysin was detected only in bacteria grown to the stationary phase, and the hemolysin was not released into the culture medium. Lysis of erythrocytes was inhibited by 30 mM dextran 4, which functions as an osmotic protectant without destroying the enterohemolysin itself.     

Endogenous opiates inhibit gastric acid secretion induced by central administration of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) administered intraventricularly (ICV) to rats causes a dose-dependent increase in gastric acid secretion over a range of 0.01 μg to 10 μg in the pyloris ligated rat. The maximum increase in gastric acid secretion occurs in the first hour. This effect of TRH is not mediated by its metabolites, histidyl-proline diketopiperazine or pyroglutamyl-histidyl-proline (acid TRH). β-endorphin, D-alanine-methionine-enkephalin and the leucine-enkephalin precursor, dynorphin, all inhibit TRH-induced gastric acid secretion. Bombesin, which reduces basal gastric acid secretion had no effect on TRH-induced secretion.     

The influence of coal ash and thermal discharges upon the distribution and bioaccumulation of aquatic invertebrates

The distribution, density and uptake of twenty elements by aquatic invertebrates inhabiting a drainage system, that received excessive coal ash effluent (275 JTU of turbidity) at one end and thermal loading (44.5°C) at the other end, was studied for 15 months. The ash settling basin filled during the first eight months of sampling which resulted in the release of ash effluent directly into the receiving system. Density of invertebrates was lowest in the 300 m stream between the ash basin and swamp and highest 1200 m beyond the stream-swamp confluence where ash influence was minimal. Invertebrate density was lowest in the stations where turbidity from ash effluent was greatest. The most tolerant invertebrates to coal ash stress were odonates (Libellula sp. and Enallagma sp.), crayfish (Procambarus sp.), amphipods (Gammarus sp.) and gastropods (Physa. sp.), and midges (Chironomidae) when the basin was filling. During the period of ash overflow, all groups were either reduced in numbers or absent. In the thermally stressed station, Libellula sp. was the predominant invertebrate sampled when water temperature ranged from 25.5–45.5°C (257-1=28.7°C) all aquatic invertebrates were limited in numbers and density when temperature exceeded the lower and upper ranges of 10.0–38.0°C.This research was supported by AEC Contract AT (38-1-824)This research was supported by AEC Contract AT (38-1-824)     

Eudicot primary cell wall glucomannan is related in synthesis,structure, and function to xyloglucan

Hemicellulose polysaccharides influence assembly and properties of the plant primary cell wall (PCW), perhaps by interacting with cellulose to affect the deposition and bundling of cellulose fibrils. However, the functional differences between plant cell wall hemicelluloses such as glucomannan, xylan, and xyloglucan (XyG) remain unclear. As the most abundant hemicellulose, XyG is considered important in eudicot PCWs, but plants devoid of XyG show relatively mild phenotypes. We report here that a patterned β-galactoglucomannan (β-GGM) is widespread in eudicot PCWs and shows remarkable similarities to XyG. The sugar linkages forming the backbone and side chains of β-GGM are analogous to those that make up XyG, and moreover, these linkages are formed by glycosyltransferases from the same CAZy families. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance indicated that β-GGM shows low mobility in the cell wall, consistent with interaction with cellulose. Although Arabidopsis β-GGM synthesis mutants show no obvious growth defects, genetic crosses between β-GGM and XyG mutants produce exacerbated phenotypes compared with XyG mutants. These findings demonstrate a related role of these two similar but distinct classes of hemicelluloses in PCWs. This work opens avenues to study the roles of β-GGM and XyG in PCWs.

Patterned β-GGM resembles xyloglucan in structure, biosynthesis, and function.

In a Nutshell Background: Plant primary cell walls (PCWs) need to be rigid enough to define the plant shape and yet allow cell expansion at the same time. Plants achieve this by forming a complex network that is composed of cellulose and various non-cellulosic polysaccharides, such as hemicelluloses. Cell walls differ in the abundance of the various hemicelluloses, and their roles are poorly understood. In contrast to xyloglucan (XyG), which has been the most extensively studied hemicellulose in the PCWs, neither the structure nor functions of glucomannan has been resolved. Question: Are the functions of the glucomannan in PCWs distinct from the roles of the most abundant hemicellulose, XyG? Findings: We discovered a type of glucomannan in eudicot PCWs, which we named β-galactoglucomannan (β-GGM) because of its distinctive structures: disaccharide side chains of β-Gal-α-Gal and alternating repeats of Glc-Man in the backbone. Similarity to XyG in structure and biosynthesis led us to identify a β-galactosyltransferase for the β-GGM biosynthesis. We found that β-GGM contributed to normal cell expansion, in a way that was masked by the presence of XyG. These results suggest related functions of β-GGM to XyG, highlighting the necessity to consider the contribution of multiple hemicelluloses in the functional study of plant cell walls. Next steps: We would like to know how β-GGM binds to cellulose, and how this differs to cellulose binding of XyG. Investigation of the precise arrangements and interactions of cellulose and hemicelluloses including β-GGM and XyG will help further understanding of the enigmatic functions of hemicelluloses.