全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2291篇 |
免费 | 206篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
专业分类
2499篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 8篇 |
2022年 | 18篇 |
2021年 | 58篇 |
2020年 | 22篇 |
2019年 | 37篇 |
2018年 | 48篇 |
2017年 | 29篇 |
2016年 | 64篇 |
2015年 | 117篇 |
2014年 | 139篇 |
2013年 | 170篇 |
2012年 | 193篇 |
2011年 | 195篇 |
2010年 | 117篇 |
2009年 | 112篇 |
2008年 | 138篇 |
2007年 | 149篇 |
2006年 | 123篇 |
2005年 | 135篇 |
2004年 | 107篇 |
2003年 | 100篇 |
2002年 | 116篇 |
2001年 | 24篇 |
2000年 | 17篇 |
1999年 | 22篇 |
1998年 | 18篇 |
1997年 | 15篇 |
1996年 | 11篇 |
1995年 | 17篇 |
1994年 | 10篇 |
1993年 | 11篇 |
1992年 | 9篇 |
1991年 | 11篇 |
1990年 | 12篇 |
1989年 | 12篇 |
1988年 | 5篇 |
1987年 | 10篇 |
1986年 | 8篇 |
1985年 | 7篇 |
1984年 | 5篇 |
1982年 | 7篇 |
1980年 | 4篇 |
1979年 | 5篇 |
1978年 | 6篇 |
1977年 | 5篇 |
1975年 | 6篇 |
1974年 | 7篇 |
1973年 | 4篇 |
1972年 | 4篇 |
1970年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有2499条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
71.
Martin Blumenberg Richard Seifert Bernd Buschmann Steffen Kiel Volker Thiel 《Geomicrobiology journal》2013,30(1):66-75
The steep biogeochemical gradients near deep sea hydrothermal vents provide various niches for microbial life. Here we present biosignatures of such organisms enclosed in a modern and an ancient hydrothermal sulfide deposit (Turtle Pits, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Recent; Yaman Kasy, Russia, Silurian). In the modern sulfide we found high amounts of specific bacterial and archaeal biomarkers with δ13C values between ?8 and ?37‰ VPDB. Our data indicate the presence of thermophilic members of the autotrophic Aquificales using the reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycle as well as of methanogenic and chemolithoheterotrophic Archaea. In the ancient sample, most potential biomarkers of thermophiles were obscured by compounds derived from allochthonous organic matter (OM), except for an acyclic C40 biphytane and its C39 breakdown product. Both samples contained high amounts of unresolved complex mixtures (UCM) of hydrocarbons. Apparently, OM in the sulfides had to withstand high thermal stress, indicated by highly mature hopanes, steranes, and cheilanthanes with up to 41 carbon atoms. 相似文献
72.
Jörn Köhler Víctor R. Morales Stefan Lötters Steffen Reichle James Aparicio 《Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment》2013,48(2):93-99
Eleutherodactylus olivaceus sp. n., a member of the E. unistrigatus group is described. The new species is known from montane rainforests of the Departamento Cochabamba, Bolivia, as well as from lowland rainforest of the Departamento Madre de Dios, Perú. E. olivaceus is mainly characterized by its predominantly olive green dorsal color and a papilla on the tip of the snout. Advertisement call and habitat of E. olivaceus are described. The occurrence of Eleutherodactylus mendax in Bolivia is briefly discussed. 相似文献
73.
Steffen Willwacher Katina Mira Fischer Rita Benker Stephan Dill Gert–Peter Brüggemann 《Journal of biomechanics》2013
The purpose of the present study was to identify kinetic responses to running on mediolaterally elevated (cross-sloped) running surfaces. Ground reaction forces (GRFs), GRF lever arms and joint moment characteristics of 19 male runners were analyzed when running at 3.5 m/s on a custom-made, tiltable runway. Tilt angles of 3° and 6° for medial and lateral elevation were analyzed using a 10 camera Vicon Nexus system and a force platform. The point of force application of the GRF showed a systematic shift in the order of 1–1.5 cm to either the lateral or medial aspect of the foot for lateral or medial inclinations, respectively. Consequently, the strongest significant effects of tilt orientation and level on joint kinetics and ground reaction force lever arms were identified at the ankle, knee and hip joint in the frontal plane of movement. External eversion moments at the ankle were significantly increased by 35% for 6° of lateral elevation and decreased by 16% for 6° of medial elevation. Altering the cross-slope of the running surface changed the pattern of ankle joint moments in the transversal plane. Effect sizes were on average larger for laterally elevated conditions, indicating a higher sensitivity of kinetic parameters to this kind of surface tilt. These alterations in joint kinetics should be considered in the choice of the running environment, especially for specific risk groups, like runners in rehabilitation processes. 相似文献
74.
Steffen Kümmel Kevin Kuntze Carsten Vogt Matthias Boll Johann Heider Hans H. Richnow 《Journal of bacteriology》2013,195(20):4660-4667
We studied the benzylsuccinate synthase (Bss) reaction mechanism with respect to the hydrogen-carbon bond cleavage at the methyl group of toluene by using different stable isotope tools. Λ values (slopes of linear regression curves for carbon and hydrogen discrimination) for two-dimensional compound-specific stable isotope analysis (2D-CSIA) of toluene activation by Bss-containing cell extracts (in vitro studies) were found to be similar to previously reported data from analogous experiments with whole cells (in vivo studies), proving that Λ values generated by whole cells are caused by Bss catalysis. The Bss enzymes of facultative anaerobic bacteria produced smaller Λ values than those of obligate anaerobes. In addition, a partial exchange of a single deuterium atom in benzylsuccinate with hydrogen was observed in experiments with deuterium-labeled toluene. In this study, the Bss enzymes of the tested facultative anaerobes showed 3- to 8-fold higher exchange probabilities than those for the enzymes of the tested obligate anaerobic bacteria. The phylogeny of the Bss variants, determined by sequence analyses of BssA, the gene product corresponding to the α subunit of Bss, correlated with the observed differences in Λ values and hydrogen exchange probabilities. In conclusion, our results suggest subtle differences in the reaction mechanisms of Bss isoenzymes of facultative and obligate anaerobes and show that the putative isoenzymes can be differentiated by 2D-CSIA. 相似文献
75.
European Wrynecks Jynx torquilla torquilla have generally been considered to be long‐distance Palaearctic–African migrants that spend the non‐breeding season in Sahelian Africa, where they have been reported regularly. Results from tracking individual birds showed that Wrynecks from two Central European populations migrated only relatively short distances to the Iberian Peninsula and northwestern Africa (c. 1500 km and 3000 km, respectively), compared with a minimum distance of about 4500 km to Sahelian Africa. Additionally, differences in wing lengths of populations from Central and Northern Europe support the idea of leap‐frog migration, populations from Northern Europe being long‐distance migrants with a non‐breeding distribution in Sahelian Africa. 相似文献
76.
Jesper Hedal Kløverpris Steffen Mueller 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2013,18(2):319-330
Purpose
Current estimations of the climate impact from indirect land use change (ILUC) caused by biofuels are heavily influenced by assumptions regarding the biofuel production period. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new method (baseline time accounting) that takes global land use dynamics into account that is consistent with the global warming potential, that is applicable to any phenomenon causing land use change, and that is independent of production period assumptions.Methods
We consider ILUC in two forms. The first is called “accelerated expansion” and concerns ILUC in regions with an expanding agricultural area. The second is called “delayed reversion” and concerns ILUC in regions with a decreasing agricultural area. We use recent trends in international land use and projections of future land use change to assess how ILUC from biofuels will alter the development in global agricultural land use dynamics compared to the existing trend (i.e., the baseline development). We then use the definition of the global warming potential to determine the CO2 equivalence of the change in land use dynamics.Results and discussion
We apply baseline time accounting to two existing ILUC studies in the literature. With current trends in global agricultural land use, the method significantly reduces the estimated climate impact in the previous ILUC studies (by more than half). Sensitivity analyses show that results are somewhat sensitive to assumptions regarding carbon sequestration and assumptions regarding postreversion ecosystems.Conclusions
The global dynamic development in land use has important implications for the time accounting step when estimating the climate impact of ILUC caused by biofuel production or other issues affecting land use. Ignoring this may lead to erroneous conclusions about the actual climate impact of ILUC. Several land use projections indicate that the global agricultural area will keep expanding up to and beyond 2050. We therefore recommend to apply the baseline time accounting concept as an integrated part of future ILUC studies and to update the results on a regular basis. 相似文献77.
Steffen E. Eikenberry Vasilis Z. Marmarelis 《Journal of computational neuroscience》2013,34(1):163-183
We propose a new variant of Volterra-type model with a nonlinear auto-regressive (NAR) component that is a suitable framework for describing the process of AP generation by the neuron membrane potential, and we apply it to input-output data generated by the Hodgkin–Huxley (H–H) equations. Volterra models use a functional series expansion to describe the input-output relation for most nonlinear dynamic systems, and are applicable to a wide range of physiologic systems. It is difficult, however, to apply the Volterra methodology to the H–H model because is characterized by distinct subthreshold and suprathreshold dynamics. When threshold is crossed, an autonomous action potential (AP) is generated, the output becomes temporarily decoupled from the input, and the standard Volterra model fails. Therefore, in our framework, whenever membrane potential exceeds some threshold, it is taken as a second input to a dual-input Volterra model. This model correctly predicts membrane voltage deflection both within the subthreshold region and during APs. Moreover, the model naturally generates a post-AP afterpotential and refractory period. It is known that the H–H model converges to a limit cycle in response to a constant current injection. This behavior is correctly predicted by the proposed model, while the standard Volterra model is incapable of generating such limit cycle behavior. The inclusion of cross-kernels, which describe the nonlinear interactions between the exogenous and autoregressive inputs, is found to be absolutely necessary. The proposed model is general, non-parametric, and data-derived. 相似文献
78.
79.
80.
Marc Dorenkamp Andreas J. Morguet Christian Sticherling Steffen Behrens Markus Zabel 《PloS one》2013,8(1)