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21.
Franz Hefti 《Developmental neurobiology》1994,25(11):1418-1435
The ability of neurotrophic factors to regulate developmental neuronal survival and adult nervous system planticity suggests the use of these molecuales to treat neurodegeneration associated with human diseases. Solid rationales exist for the use of NGF and neurotrophin-3 in the treatment of neuropathies of the peripheral sensory system, insulin-like growth factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor in motor neuron atrophy, and NGF in Alzheimer's disease. Growth factors have been identified for neurons affected in Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and acute brain and spinal cord injury. Various strategies are actively pursued to deliver neurotrophic factors to the brain, and develop therapeutically useful molecules that mimic neurotrophic factor actions or stimulate their production or receptor mechanisms. 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
22.
Jakob Noske Josef Paul Kynast Dominik Lemm Steffen Schmidt Birte Höcker 《Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society》2023,32(1):e4516
The ability to design customized proteins to perform specific tasks is of great interest. We are particularly interested in the design of sensitive and specific small molecule ligand-binding proteins for biotechnological or biomedical applications. Computational methods can narrow down the immense combinatorial space to find the best solution and thus provide starting points for experimental procedures. However, success rates strongly depend on accurate modeling and energetic evaluation. Not only intra- but also intermolecular interactions have to be considered. To address this problem, we developed PocketOptimizer, a modular computational protein design pipeline, that predicts mutations in the binding pockets of proteins to increase affinity for a specific ligand. Its modularity enables users to compare different combinations of force fields, rotamer libraries, and scoring functions. Here, we present a much-improved version––PocketOptimizer 2.0. We implemented a cleaner user interface, an extended architecture with more supported tools, such as force fields and scoring functions, a backbone-dependent rotamer library, as well as different improvements in the underlying algorithms. Version 2.0 was tested against a benchmark of design cases and assessed in comparison to the first version. Our results show how newly implemented features such as the new rotamer library can lead to improved prediction accuracy. Therefore, we believe that PocketOptimizer 2.0, with its many new and improved functionalities, provides a robust and versatile environment for the design of small molecule-binding pockets in proteins. It is widely applicable and extendible due to its modular framework. PocketOptimizer 2.0 can be downloaded at https://github.com/Hoecker-Lab/pocketoptimizer . 相似文献
23.
Expression of heat shock genes in Clostridium acetobutylicum 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
24.
Clinical phenotype of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in females heterozygous for a vasopressin type 2 receptor mutation 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Angenita F. van Lieburg Marian A. J. Verdijk Frans Schoute Marjolijn J. L. Ligtenberg Bernard A. van Oost Franz Waldhauser Maria Dobner Leo A. H. Monnens Nine V. A. M. Knoers 《Human genetics》1995,96(1):70-78
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) usually shows an X-linked recessive mode of inheritance caused by mutations in the vasopressin type 2 receptor gene (AVPR2). In the present study, three NDI families are described in which females show clinical features resembling the phenotype in males. Maximal urine osmolality in three female patients did not exceed 200 mosmol/kg and the absence of extra-renal responses to 1-desamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin was demonstrated in two of them. All affected females and two asymptomatic female family members were shown to be heterozygous for an AVPR2 mutation. Skewed X-inactivation is the most likely explanation for the clinical manifestation of NDI in female carriers of an AVPR2 mutation. It is concluded that, in female NDI patients, the possibility of heterozygosity for an AVPR2 gene mutation has to be considered in addition to homozygosity for mutations in the aquaporin 2 gene. 相似文献
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27.
Dieter Franz 《Journal of Ornithology》1991,132(3):241-266
Zusammenfassung Paarungssystem und Fortpflanzungsstrategie der Beutelmeise wurde in 10 Jahren in Süddeutschland und Österreich untersucht. Der Saisonablauf für und wird in einem Schema zusammengefaßt. Die Brutpflege übernimmt i. allg. nur ein Altvogel (bei ca. 60 % aller Brutnester , bei 10 % ). Unklar ist, wie die Abstimmung erfolgt, welcher Altvogel das Gelege betreut. Offenbar herrscht eine Konfliktsituation zwischen den Geschlechtern, die sich in zahlreichen Gelegeaufgaben niederschlägt (ca. 30 % aller Brutnester). Die Verhaltensweisen betreuen bzw. verlassen sind für und nicht gleichmäßig über die Brutsaison verteilt. Die Mediane für die Betreuung durch das und die Aufgabe der Nester liegen dicht beieinander, betreuen die Nester erst wesentlich später. In Illmitz/Österreich nahm die Gelegegröße mit fortschreitender Jahreszeit ab. Die Gelegegröße der aufgegebenen Gelege war kleiner als die zeitgleich zu erwartende Gelegegröße der betreuten Gelege. Wenn das abwandert, komplettiert es das Gelege offensichtlich nicht; damit wird für das zurückbleibende erfolgreiche Brutpflege möglich. Beide Geschlechter verfolgen unterschiedliche Strategien, um einen möglichst guten Fortpflanzungserfolg zu erreichen. Beim besteht die ganze Brutsaison hindurch Bereitschaft, mehrere Nester zu bauen und möglichst viele zu haben. Gegen Ende der Brutsaison, wenn nur noch wenige brutbereite verfügbar sind, übernehmen die u. U. selbst die Brutbetreuung. betreuen zu Beginn der Brutsaison komplette Gelege selbst. Bei rund 30 % der ist aber schon zu Beginn der Brutsaison die Bereitschaft vorhanden, das Gelege mit unvollständiger Gelegegröße nicht selbst zu betreuen und die Verantwortung hierfür dem zu überlassen. Zum Geschlechterkonflikt kommt es, wenn beide Strategien hinsichtlich Abwandern kollidieren; er läßt sich mit Hilfe der Spieltheorie erklären. Wegen der großen Wanderungen während der Brutperiode haben die Angaben zum Verpaarungsstatus der einzelnen Vögel Minimalcharakter. Mindestens 25 % aller und 12 % aller waren polygam. Daß während der ganzen Brutsaison keine Partner haben, ist nachgewiesen. Der Bruterfolg polygamer war signifikant größer als der von mit nur einem Brutnest. Polygame hatten größere Flügel als die übrigen; auch deutet sich an, daß alte erfolgreicher sind als junge. Eine Polygynierate von bis zu 60 % dürfte realistisch sein; die Polyandrierate dürfte bei ca. 30 % liegen. Polyandrisches Verhalten ist aber nicht immer mit einer Steigerung der Reproduktionsrate verbunden. Besonders zu Beginn der Brutsaison bedeutet die Abwanderung des mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit die Aufgabe des Nestes, da die in dieser Phase die Brutbetreuung in der Regel nicht übernehmen. Einzelne waren in der Lage, nacheinander zwei Bruten alleine großzuziehen.
Mating system and strategy of reproduction in Penduline TitRemiz p. pendulinus
Summary From 1978 to 1987, 477 nests of the Penduline Tit were checked in Bavaria and Austria. Adult birds were marked individually with colour rings.In northern Bavaria, the major part of Penduline Tits started building nests in April and May (median date: May 10). As early as end of May a large number was leaving the breeding grounds. The population in the riverine forests of the river March/Austria basically followed the same cycle. On the other hand, birds breeding at Lake Neusiedl/Austria arrived as late as the beginning of June (median date for start of nestbuilding: June 23). A generally valid seasonal pattern for both sexes see fig. 1, 2. Penduline Tits exhibit uniparental care. Most of the nests (about 60 %) were attended by females, about 10 % by male and about 30 % were deserted, because neither the female nor the male decided to incubate (tab. 1).Early in the year, clutches were reared by the female or abandoned; preferably at the end of the breeding season males incubated. A significant relation between clutch size and season could be found at Illmitz/Austria. If average clutch size for female, male or no care are compared with the average clutch size of the respective five-day periods in which the medians of the three categories were found, a significantly smaller clutch size was apparent in abandoned nests. Due to extensive migratory behaviour during the breeding season, a calender effect of clutch size was not calculated for the Upper Main/Bavaria. However, clutch size in nests incubated by females exceeded the size of the abandoned ones. The incubation of smaller clutches by males in the same area is hard to explain. Insufficient data and/or the lack of potential mates as a consequence of early migration may account for it. If a female decides to abandon a nest she evidently leave the clutch incomplete, as if to give the male a commission to care for the young. Thereby, females economize on their reserves in order to be able to produce additional clutches with other males.To achieve optimal reproductive success both sexes follow different strategies. Males: During the whole breeding season males are able to construct a large number of nests to attract as many females as possible. At the end of the breeding season, when only few females are available, some of the males care for their broods themselves. Females: At the beginning of the breeding season, most females are ready to incubate complete clutches. But already at this time, approximately 30 % of the females desert incomplete clutches so as trying to give commission for brood care to the male.The battle of the sexes arises, if both sexes abandon the clutch. This conflict may probably be explained by the game theory. Due to the migrations during breeding season, an exact documentation of the mating status of individual birds was limited. Polygamy occured at least in 25 % of the males and 12 % of the females (tab. 4). A number of unpaired males was also evident during the whole breeding season. Polygynous males reached higher breeding success (tab. 8), and were larger (wing-length) as compared to the other males. Older males may be more successful than younger. According to the number of males leaving nests, the rate of polygyny might be up to 60 % and, due to the number of clutches abandoned by females, approx. 30 % of them are polyandrous. However, polyandrous behaviour was not linked to an increased reproduction rate. Especially at the beginning of the breeding season, most of the nests deserted by females were completely abandoned. Some females were able to raise two broods in one season.相似文献
28.
The carbohydrate specificity of mistletoe toxic lectin-I (ML-I) was studied by haemagglutination-inhibition assay. The results indicated that ML-I has a broad range of affinity for Gal alpha,beta linked sequences. The galabiose (E, Gal alpha 1----4Gal) sequence, a receptor of the uropathogenic E. coli ligand, was one of the best disaccharide inhibitors tested. The lectin also exhibits affinity for Lac(Gal beta 1----4Glc), T(Gal beta 1----3GalNAc), I/II(Gal beta 1----3/4GlcNAc) and B(Gal alpha 1----3Gal) sequences. Gal alpha 1----4Gal and Gal beta 1----4Glc are frequently occurring sequences of many glycosphingolipids located at the mammalian cell membranes, such as intestinal and red blood cell membranes, for ligand binding and toxin attachment. This finding provides important information concerning the possible mechanism of intoxication of cells by the mistletoe preparation. 相似文献
29.
Zusammenfassung Freilandbeobachtungen und frühere Laboruntersuchungen (Berthold 1976) führten bisher zu einer widersprüchlichen Bewertung der zugzeitlichen Frugivorie bei der Gartengrasmücke. Deshalb wurden das Wahlverhalten gegenüber verschiedenen Beeren und Früchten in deren natürlichem Gehänge in einer Voliere geprüft sowie die Auswirkung unterschiedlich frugivorer Ernährung auf Körpermasse und tägliche Nahrungsaufnahme unter kontrollierten Laborbedingungen untersucht. Zwischen dem Präferenzverhalten gegenüber bestimmten Beeren und Früchten und deren Profitabilität bzw. Nährstoffgehalt bestand kein eindeutiger Zusammenhang. Demnach ist die Wahl zwischen verschiedenen Vegetabilien nicht einfach abhängig von ihrer Größe oder dem Nährstoffgehalt. Erhebliche Unterschiede zwischen den getesteten Beeren und Früchten zeigten sich bei der täglichen Aufnahmerate und den Auswirkungen auf die Körpermasse. Während bestimmte Beeren nur als Zusatzfutter zu einem immer, wenn auch geringfügig notwendigen, animalischen Standardfutter verabreicht werden konnten, waren die Gartengrasmücken mit Schwarzem Holunder und Feige auch bei ausschließlicher Gabe nicht nur in der Lage, ihre Körpermasse zu halten, sondern konnten dabei sogar normale Fettdeposition vollziehen. Offensichtlich sind bestimmte Vegetabilien für die Gartengrasmücke wesentlich bedeutsamer als bisher angenommen. Die Ergebnisse stimmen somit mit Beobachtungen aus dem Freiland überein. Die beobachteten qualitativen Unterschiede zwischen den Früchten und deren Wirkung auf die Körpermasse der Versuchsvögel ließen sich nicht allein mit dem Nährstoffgehalt der Beeren erklären. Vermutlich spielen die spezifische Qualität der Nährstoffe (z. B. Fettsäurezusammensetzung) und möglicherweise auch sekundäre Pflanzenstoffe eine wichtige Rolle.
The significance of seasonal frugivory in migratory Garden WarblersSylvia borin
Summary In contrast to field observation, exhibiting an important role of seasonal frugivory,Berthold (1976) concluded that fruits are only a supplementary food, and he rejected the hypothesis that songbirds shift to a fruit diet during migration in order to render or to accelerate fat deposition.We investigated the preference of Garden Warblers upon various berries and pulpy fruits in an outdoor aviary. Furthermore, the effects of frugivory on body mass and food intake is measured in caged specimens under controlled laboratory conditions.In almost all feeding trials a significant selection between the two alternative fruit diets are obvious. However, no clearcut relationship between profitability or nutritive content of the various fruits and food choice is evident.In the experiments under controlled laboratory conditions the effects of varying extends of frugivory on body mass and food intake of captive Garden Warblers reveal a considerable difference between various berries and fruits. In some berries, the birds were not able to compensate for a reduction of the standard animal food by increasing frugivory. With Black Elder berries or figs, however, they did not only compensate for to maintain body mass rather they were able to gain mass during migratory fat deposition, even kept on an exclusive fruit diet.These results clearly exhibit a significant role of fruit diets in migrating Garden Warblers, with particular regards to Black Elder berries and figs, respectively.The observed differences between the various fruit diets do not correspond to the crude nutritive content of the pulp. Presumably, the specific quality of nutrients (for instance, fatty acid composition) or even secondary plant compounds have to be considered.The experimental results agree with field observations, indicating the importance of frugivory for the Garden Warbler, and they contradict Berthold's suggestion that fruits are only a least important supplementary food to an always necessary animal food.相似文献
30.
Proteins L1, L9, L25, and L30, purified by a nondenaturing method from the 50S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli A19, have been characterized. The four proteins were studied under conditions which resemble those used for reconstitution experiments. These proteins have S020,W values of 2.0 S, 1.8 S, 1.8 S, and 1.0 S and D20,W values of 8.4 X 10(-7), 9.0 X 10(-7), 14.0 X 10(-7), and 15.0 X 10(-7) cm2/S. Apparent specific volumes at 20 degrees C are 0.738, 0.733, 0.700, and 0.735 mL/g for the four proteins. The respective molecular weights determined by sedimentation equilibrium are 25 000, 17 300, 12 000, and 6500. The intrinsic viscosity values for the four proteins are 4.0, 5.5, 3.6, and 3.2 mL/g. From these hydrodynamic parameters L1 and L9 appear to have globular or at most only slightly elongated shapes, whereas L25 and L30 appear to be definitely globular. 相似文献