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81.
Phylogenetic analysis of the outer-membrane-protein genes of Chlamydiae, and its implication for vaccine development 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Examination of 18 complete and 6 partial sequences of the major outer-
membrane protein from 24 chlamydiae isolates was used to reconstruct their
evolutionary relationships. From this analysis, assuming that the clades
with 100% bootstrap support are correct, come the following conclusions:
(1) The tree of these sequences is not congruent with the phylogeny of the
hosts, and thus host switching would seem to have occurred, thereby
limiting the extent to which there has been coevolution of parasite and
host. (2) The tree is also noncongruent with clustering by type of cell
infected, thereby limiting the extent to which there has been coevolution
of parasite and the cell type that it infects. (3) The tree is also
noncongruent with clustering by the organ infected (eyes or genitalia),
thereby limiting the extent to which there has been coevolution of parasite
and the organ that it infects. (4) The tree is also noncongruent with
genital strains arising from lymphogranuloma venereum strains. (5) The tree
is also noncongruent with the geographic site at which the isolates were
obtained, thereby limiting the extent of divergence explained by geographic
separation. (6) There are estimated to be 185 amino acid positions that are
invariable (as opposed to unvaried) in the major outer-membrane protein.
There are 10 unvaried positions in the variable domains, of which 9 appear
to be invariable, giving some reason to hope that development of a vaccine
might be possible. (7) The rate of change of this protein is too small to
see increased divergence over the time span of isolation of these genes,
giving hope to any vaccine having longevity. Bootstrapping supports those
portions of the tree on which the first five conclusions above depend. The
picture that these results provide is more one of pathogen versatility than
one of coevolutionary constraints. In addition, we examined 10 60-KDa,
outer-membrane protein- 2 genes, all but one of which were from these same
strains. The tree was not, among the trachomatis strains, congruent with
the major-outer- membrane protein tree, suggesting that gene exchange could
be occurring among strains. Moreover, there is an apparent slowdown in
divergence in this gene, among the trachomatis strains.
相似文献
82.
When pairwise genetic distances are used for phylogenetic reconstruction,
it is usually assumed that the genetic distance between two taxa contains
information about the time after the two taxa diverged. As a result, upon
an appropriate transformation if necessary, the distance usually can be
fitted to a linear model such that it is expressed as the sum of lengths of
all branches that connect the two taxa in a given phylogeny. This kind of
distance is referred to as "additive distance." For a phylogenetic tree
exclusively driven by random genetic drift, genetic distances related to
coancestry coefficients (theta XY) between any two taxa are more suitable.
However, these distances are fundamentally different from the additive
distance in that coancestry does not contain any information about the time
after two taxa split from a common ancestral population; instead, it
reflects the time before the two taxa diverged. In other words, the
magnitude of theta XY provides information about how long the two taxa
share the same evolutionary pathways. The fundamental difference between
the two kinds of distances has led to a different algorithm of evaluating
phylogenetic trees when theta XY and related distance measures are used.
Here we present the new algorithm using the ordinary- least-squares
approach but fitting to a different linear model. This treatment allows
genetic variation within a taxon to be included in the model. Monte Carlo
simulation for a rooted phylogeny of four taxa has verified the efficacy
and consistency of the new method. Application of the method to human
population was demonstrated.
相似文献
83.
Taxol from fungal endophytes and the issue of biodiversity 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
GA Strobel WM Hess E. Ford RS Sidhu X Yang 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》1996,17(5-6):417-423
Fungi represent one of the most understudied and diverse group of organisms. Commonly, these organisms make associations with higher life forms and may proceed to biochemically mimic the host organism. An excellent example of this is the anticancer drug, taxol, which had been previously supposed to occur only in the plant genusTaxus (yew). However, taxol has been reported in a novel endophytic fungus—Taxomyces andreanae, but also has been demonstrated to occur in a number of unrelated fungal endophytes includingPestalotia, Pestalotiopsis, Fusarium, Alternaria, Pithomyces, Monochaetia and others. Thus, this report presents information on the presence of taxol among disparate fungal genera, and uses these observations as an additional argument to support efforts to study fungal endophytes and preserve their associated host plants. 相似文献
84.
Previous investigations on the monkey kidney COS cell line demonstrated the
weak expression of fucosylated cell surface antigens and presence of
endogenous fucosyltransferase activities in cell extracts. RT-PCR analyses
have now revealed expression of five homologs of human fucosyltransferase
genes, FUT1, FUT4, FUT5, FUT7, and FUT8, in COS cell mRNA. The enzyme in
COS cell extracts acting on unsialylated Type 2 structures is closely
similar in its properties to the alpha1,3- fucosyltransferase encoded by
human FUT4 gene and does not resemble the product of the FUT5 gene.
Although FUT1 is expressed in the COS cell mRNA, it has not been possible
to demonstrate alpha1,2- fucosyltransferase activity in cell extracts but
the presence of Le(y) and blood-group A antigenic determinants on the cell
surface imply the formation of H-precursor structures at some stage. The
most strongly expressed fucosyltransferase in the COS cells is the
alpha1,6-enzyme transferring fucose to the innermost N -acetylglucosamine
unit in N - glycan chains; this enzyme is similar in its properties to the
product of the human FUT8 gene. The enzymes resembling the human FUT4 and
FUT8 gene products both had pH optima of 7.0 and were resistant to 10 mM
NEM. The incorporation of fucose into asialo-fetuin was optimal at 5.5 and
was inhibited by 10 mM NEM. This result initially suggested the presence of
a third fucosyltransferase expressed in the COS cells but we have now shown
that triantennary N- glycans with terminal nonreducing galactose units,
similar to those present in asialo-fetuin, are modified by a weak
endogenous beta-galactosidase in the COS cell extracts and thereby rendered
suitable substrates for the alpha1,6- fucosyltransferase.
相似文献
85.
Testing the covarion hypothesis of molecular evolution 总被引:6,自引:8,他引:6
The covarion hypothesis of molecular evolution states that the fixation of
mutations may alter the probability that any given position will fix the
next change. Tests of this hypothesis using the divergence of real
sequences are compromised because models of rate variation among sites
(e.g., the gamma version of the one-parameter equation) predict sequence
divergence values similar to those for the covarion process. This study
therefore focuses on the extent to which the varied and unvaried codons of
two well-diverged taxa are the same, because fewer are expected by the
covarion hypothesis than by the gamma model. The data for these tests are
the protein sequences of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) for mammals and
plants. Simulation analyses show that the covarion hypothesis makes better
predictions about the frequencies of varied and unhit positions in common
between these two taxa than does the gamma version of the one-parameter
model. Furthermore, the analysis of SOD tertiary structure demonstrates
that mammal and plant variabilities are distributed differently on the
protein. These results support the conclusions that the variable and
invariable codons of mammal and plant SODs are different and that the
covarion model explains the evolution of this protein better than the gamma
version of the one-parameter process. Unlike other models, the covarion
hypothesis accounts for rate fluctuations among positions over time, which
is an important parameter of molecular evolution.
相似文献
86.
87.
Geert Zegels Geert AA Van Raemdonck Wiebren AA Tjalma Xaveer WM Van Ostade 《Proteome science》2010,8(1):63
Cervicovaginal fluid has an important function in the homeostasis and immunity of the lower female genital tract. Analysis
of the cervicovaginal fluid proteome may therefore yield important information about the pathogenesis of numerous gynecological
pathologies. Additionally, cervicovaginal fluid has great potential as a source of biomarkers for these conditions. 相似文献
88.
Background
Turkey is an important agricultural species and is largely used as a meat bird. In 2004, turkey represented 6.5% of the world poultry meat production. The world-wide turkey population has rapidly grown due to increased commercial farming. Due to the high demand for turkey meat from both consumers and industry global turkey stocks increased from 100 million in 1970 to over 276 million in 2004. This rapidly increasing importance of turkeys was a reason to design this study for the estimation of genetic parameters that control body weight, body composition, meat quality traits and parameters that shape the growth curve in turkey birds.Results
The average heritability estimate for body weight traits was 0.38, except for early weights that were strongly affected by maternal effects. This study showed that body weight traits, upper asymptote (a growth curve trait), percent breast meat and redness of meat had high heritability whereas heritabilities of breast length, breast width, percent drip loss, ultimate pH, lightness and yellowness of meat were medium to low. We found high positive genetic and phenotypic correlations between body weight, upper asymptote, most breast meat yield traits and percent drip loss but percent drip loss was found strongly negatively correlated with ultimate pH. Percent breast meat, however, showed genetic correlations close to zero with body weight traits and upper asymptote.Conclusion
The results of this analysis and the growth curve from the studied population of turkey birds suggest that the turkey birds could be selected for breeding between 60 and 80 days of age in order to improve overall production and the production of desirable cuts of meat. The continuous selection of birds within this age range could promote high growth rates but specific attention to meat quality would be needed to avoid a negative impact on the quality of meat. 相似文献89.
U. M. Guly R. G. Mitchell R. Cook D. J. Steedman C. E. Robertson 《BMJ (Clinical research ed.)》1995,310(6987):1091-1094
OBJECTIVE--To examine the effect on survival of treatment by ambulance paramedics and ambulance technicians after cardiac arrest outside hospital. DESIGN--Prospective study over two years from 1 April 1992 to 31 March 1994. SETTING--Accident and emergency department of university teaching hospital. SUBJECTS--502 consecutive adult patients with out of hospital cardiopulmonary arrest of cardiac origin. INTERVENTIONS--Treatment by ambulance technicians or paramedics both equipped with semiautomatic defibrillators. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Rate of return of spontaneous circulation, hospital admission, and survival to hospital discharge. RESULTS--Rates of return of spontaneous circulation, hospital admission, and survival to hospital discharge were not significantly different for patients treated by paramedics as opposed to ambulance technicians. Paramedics spent significantly longer at the scene of the arrest than technicians (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS--The response of ambulance paramedics to patients with cardiopulmonary arrest outside hospital does not provide improved outcome when compared with ambulance technicians using basic techniques and equipped with semi-automatic defibrillators. 相似文献
90.