Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor stimulates the synthesis of membrane and nuclear proteins in murine neutrophils

The effect of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a well-characterized hemopoietic regulator, on protein synthesis in murine bone marrow neutrophils is described. Bone marrow neutrophils in excess of 95% purity were obtained by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. While GM-CSF did not appear to slow the rate of dying of peritoneal exudate neutorphils or thymus cells, the viability of bone marrow neutrophils after 17 hr was enhanced (40%) by GM-CSF. GM-CFS had no effect on total 35S-methionine incorporation by thymocytes or peritoneal exudate neutrophils over a 17-hr incubation period; however, bone marrow neutrophils showed increased incorporation (approximately 10%) at all times between 5-17 hr. As viability and 35S-methionine incorporation of bone marrow neutrophils at 5 hr were minimally affected by GM-CSF, this time point was chosen to study the effect of GM-CSF on the synthesis of particular proteins. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels of 35S-methionine-labelled lysates were prepared from whole cells, isolated nuclei, and membranes. Quantitative analysis of the fluorograms obtained from the two-dimensional electropherograms by a computer-linked optical data digitiser indicated that out of a total of 180 proteins, the amount of label contained in 11 proteins was significantly higher in the presence of GM-CSF, while three proteins, apparently of cytoplasmic origin, contained less label than control cells. Eight of these proteins were identified as nuclear, and one was membrane derived. Attempts have been made to identify some of the inducible proteins and to correlate results with other studies of normal hemopoietic and leukemic cells. The significance and multiple functions of GM-CSF in hemopoiesis are discussed.     

Defect in 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthesis in brachymorphic mice. II. Tissue distribution of the defect

The tissue distribution of the defective PAPS synthetic pathway in homozygous brachymorphic mice ($\text{bm}\text{bm}$) has been investigated using four different criteria: (i) incorporation of ³⁵SO₄^2? into adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (APS), 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS), and endogenous macromolecular acceptors, (ii) APS kinase (adenylylsulfate kinase; ATP:adenylylsulfate 3′-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.25) activity, (iii) ATP sulfurylase (sulfate adenylyltransferase; ATP:sulfate adenylyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.4) activity, (iv) thermostability of ATP sulfurylase. With respect to the first three criteria, the results indicate that liver is affected as profoundly as cartilage (K. Sugahara and N. B. Schwartz, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (1982) 214, 589–601). In contrast, skin and brain show no differences between normal and mutant. Kidney is significantly, but only moderately, affected. The results from thermostability studies demonstrate that ATP sulfurylase activity is more labile in $\text{bm}\text{bm}$ cartilage, liver, and kidney, but not in skin or brain, supporting the above-observed distribution of the defect. Therefore, the present results indicate a multiple, but not universal, tissue distribution of the defective PAPS synthetic pathway in $\text{bm}\text{bm}$ mice. Furthermore, these findings support the suggestion that ATP sulfurylase as well as APS kinase is defective in brachymorphic mice.     

Multiphasic activation of smooth muscle adenylate cyclase by pretreatment with guanyl-5′-yl imidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) suggests multiple enzyme populations

The activation of uterine smooth muscle adenylate cyclase was studied by pretreating the particulate form of the enzyme with the GTP analog guanyl-5′-yl imidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p). Pretreatment with Gpp(NH)p left the enzyme in an irreversibly activated state which survived subsequent washing in guanyl nucleotide-free buffer. Activation under these conditions was multiphasic with rapid and slow components. At 23 °C slow activation proceeded at about $\text{1}\text{10}\text{th}$ the rate of rapid activation. The onset of the slow phase took longer at lower temperatures. Routine adenylate cyclase assay conditions (conversion of [³²P]ATP to cyclic [³²P]AMP) carried out without pretreatment probably characterized the rapidly activated component. The simplest kinetic model suggests not only the generally accepted two-step association reaction, but also implies the existence of more than one enzyme form, each of which is characterized by a separate activation rate. The complex kinetics of activation might be explained by a heterogeneous mixture of unassociated and preassociated nucleotide binding and catalytic subunits.     

The effect of AZT on in vitro lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infected individuals

Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals exhibit functional impairment in various forms of cell-mediated cytotoxicities (CMC) at all stages of disease. The purpose of this study was to determine (i) if peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from HIV-1-infected patients could be stimulated in vitro to yield lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity; (ii) if non-MHC-restricted gp120-specific CMC could be preserved; and (iii) what effect zidovudine (AZT) would have on LAK activity. Fourteen asymptomatic HIV-1 seropositive adults and five healthy seronegative adults (controls) were evaluated. PBMCs were isolated and incubated in media or supplemented with IL-2 for 4 or 72 hr. Lysis of the NK resistant target cell line, Daudi, was similar for the control and experimental group. The increase in activity after stimulation was elevated to a similar degree in both seronegative and seropositive groups (P less than 0.001). LAK activity was significantly decreased (P = 0.011) when AZT was added to LAK cultures. In addition, virus production may not have been completely inhibited by AZT in LAK cultures. Thus, PBMCs from asymptomatic HIV-1-infected patients could be stimulated to yield LAK activity. However, AZT can impair LAK generation. It is unclear if LAK activation results in virus production that cannot be inhibited by AZT in this system. Further definition in other patient populations is required prior to applying this information to clinical trials.     

Signal transduction by the epidermal growth factor receptor is attenuated by a COOH-terminal domain serine phosphorylation site.

It has been proposed that the acute desensitization of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) function can be accounted for, in part, by the effect of EGF to increase phosphorylation of the receptor at Ser1046/7 (Countaway, J.L., Nairn, A.C., and Davis, R.J. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 1129-1140). Here, we show that the mutational removal of this phosphorylation site causes an activation of EGF-R function and a potentiation of signal transduction. The mechanism of potentiation results from 1) defective down-regulation of the EGF-R when cells are incubated with high concentrations of EGF; and 2) increased EGF-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation. The increased EGF-stimulated phosphorylation is associated with an alteration of the apparent specificity of tyrosine phosphorylation and is independent of the down-regulation defect. Together, these data strongly support the hypothesis that Ser1046/7 is a biologically significant site of regulatory phosphorylation of the EGF-R.     

Effects of chilling on tomato fruit texture

The effects of chilling on tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Caruso) texture were investigated using fruit stored at 22°C (nonchilled) or 5°C (chilled) for 28 days. or at 5°C for 15 days before transfer to 22°C to facilitate ripening during and additional 13 days (prechilled). Prechilled fruit exhibited symptoms of slight chilling injury, i.e. development of mealiness, accelerated softening relative to that of nonchilled fruit and nonuniform surface colour development. The firmness of all fruit decreased during ripening and chilled storage when measured by flat plate compression and puncture, especially during the early stages of ripening of nonchilled and prechilled fruit. The compression firmness of pericarp tissue similarly decreased during ripening of nonchilled and prechilled fruit, but was maintained during chilling. Total moisture content (ca 94%) of tissue, uronide content (32-35% w/w) and extracted β-galactosidase activity did not differ significantly ( P > 0.05) among fruit during ripening and chilled storage. The degree of uronide methyl esterification in ethanol-insoluble solids prepared from pericarp tissue (EIS) was relatively low for all fruit. i.e. <40%. EIS from which greater levels of pectinesterase were extracted (i.e. nonchilled>chilled>prechilled) exhibited decreased levels of uronide methyl esterification. Markedly elevated levels of β-glucosidase activity were extracted from prechilled EIS. Total polygalacturonase activity (mainly as PGI) and autolysis of enzyme-extracted EIS were inversely correlated ( P ≤ 0.05) only with the loss of nonchilled fruit and tissue firmness and prechilled fruit firmness. Results suggest a possible role for β-glucosidase in textural changes of prechilled fruit and tissue (e.g. loss of firmness, development of mealiness) and also implicate loss of skin strength in the softening of whole fruit during chilling.     

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: Late Effects of Poliomyelitis—An Update on Fatigue and Weakness

The Council on Scientific Affairs of the California Medical Association presents the following inventory of items of progress in physical medicine and rehabilitation. Each item, in the judgment of a panel of knowledgeable physicians, has recently become reasonably firmly established, both as to scientific fact and important clinical significance. The items are presented in simple epitome, and an authoritative reference, both to the item itself and to the subject as a whole, is generally given for those who may be unfamiliar with a particular item. The purpose is to assist busy practitioners, students, researchers, and scholars to stay abreast of these items of progress in physical medicine and rehabilitation that have recently achieved a substantial degree of authoritative acceptance, whether in their own field of special interest or another.The items of progress listed below were selected by the Advisory Panel to the Section on Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation of the California Medical Association, and the summaries were prepared under its direction.     

The identification of unbranched enzyme kinetic mechanisms by computer analysis of qualitative information: Logic of the method

The paper describes the logic of a computer method for identifying unbranched enzyme kinetic mechanisms on the basis of observed initial velocity and product inhibition patterns (Cleland, 1963). The method establishes initially an acceptable order of reactant addition and release, proceeds to list all the mechanisms consistent with that order and the data, and finally determines which of these can also explain data which require either non-competitive or dead-end inhibition.