Enhanced production of antimicrobial sesquiterpenes and lipoxygenase metabolites in elicitor-treated hairy root cultures of Solanum tuberosum

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) hairy root cultures, established by infecting potato tuber discs with Agrobacterium rhizogenes, were used as a model system for the production of antimicrobial sesquiterpenes and lipoxygenase (LOX) metabolites. Of the four sesquiterpene phytoalexins (rishitin, lubimin, phytuberin and phytuberol) detected in elicitor-treated hairy root cultures, rishitin (213 g g^–1 dry wt) was the most predominant followed by lubimin (171 g g^–1 dry wt). The elicitors also induced LOX activity (25-fold increase) and LOX metabolites, mainly 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid and 9-hydroxyoctadecatrienoic acid, in potato hairy root cultures. The combination of fungal elicitor plus cyclodextrin was the most effective elicitor treatment, followed by methyl jasmonate plus cyclodextrin in inducing sesquiterpenes and LOX metabolites.     

Phylogenetic analysis of Blattabacterium,endosymbiotic bacteria from the wood roach,Cryptocercus (Blattodea: Cryptocercidae), including a description of three new species

Members of the cockroach genus Cryptocercus are wood-feeding, subsocial insects that live in temperate forests of the Nearctic and Palaearctic. At present, nine species are recognized: Cryptocercus relictus and Cryptocercus kyebangensis in eastern Asia and Russia, Cryptocercus primarius and Cryptocercus matilei in southwestern China, Cryptocercus clevelandi in the western USA, and Cryptocercus darwini, Cryptocercus garciai, Cryptocercus punctulatus, and Cryptocercus wrighti in the eastern USA. Like all extant cockroaches, Cryptocercus harbor endosymbiotic bacteria, Blattabacterium, in their fat bodies. The endosymbionts in all cockroaches have been considered a single species, Blattabacterium cuenoti, since their discovery about a century ago. However, a recent analysis of DNA sequences from representatives of four cockroach families has indicated that there is considerable DNA sequence divergence among B. cuenoti from different host species. As a part of our studies on the evolution of Cryptocercus, we examined DNA sequence divergence among B. cuenoti from six of the nine known Cryptocercus species. Specifically, we sequenced approximately 2,400 bp of the 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA genes of B. cuenoti from six species of Cryptocercus. We found that B. cuenoti in Cryptocercus has differentiated into multiple monophyletic lineages distinguishable by DNA sequence of rRNA genes and host association. Our sequence divergence estimates were consistent with those reported for other, congeneric bacterial species. We propose the recognition of three new species of Blattabacterium within Cryptocercus species as follows: Blattabacterium relictus sp. nov. in C. relictus, Blattabacterium clevelandi sp. nov. in C. clevelandi, and Blattabacterium punctulatus sp. nov. in C. darwini, C. garciai, C. punctulatus, and C. wrighti.     

Arabidopsis CROOKED encodes for the smallest subunit of the ARP2/3 complex and controls cell shape by region specific fine F-actin formation

The generation of a specific cell shape requires differential growth, whereby specific regions of the cell expand more relative to others. The Arabidopsis crooked mutant exhibits aberrant cell shapes that develop because of mis-directed expansion, especially during a rapid growth phase. GFP-aided visualization of the F-actin cytoskeleton and the behavior of subcellular organelles in different cell-types in crooked and wild-type Arabidopsis revealed that localized expansion is promoted in cellular regions with fine F-actin arrays but is restricted in areas that maintain dense F-actin. This suggested that a spatiotemporal distinction between fine versus dense F-actin in a growing cell could determine the final shape of the cell. CROOKED was molecularly identified as the plant homolog of ARPC5, the smallest sub-unit of the ARP2/3 complex that in other organisms is renowned for its role in creating dendritic arrays of fine F-actin. Rescue of crooked phenotype by the human ortholog provides the first molecular evidence for the presence and functional conservation of the complex in higher plants. Our cell-biological and molecular characterization of CROOKED suggests a general actin-based mechanism for regulating differential growth and generating cell shape diversity.     

Synthesis and DNA-binding affinity of A-C8/C-C2 alkoxyamido-linked pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine dimers

The synthesis of new A-C8/C-C2 alkoxyamido-linked pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]-benzodiazepine dimers have been described in this report. These dimers exhibit significant DNA-binding ability with moderate anticancer activity.     

Ontogeny of solasodine-containing mucilage layer inSolanum viarum Dunal, ploidy types

Berries of steroid-bearingSolanum viarum Dunal are exploited commercially in India as raw material by steroid industries for solasodine, a glycoalkaloid, present in the mucilaginous exotesta of the seed. Comparative ontogeny of exotesta studied through histochemical studies in diploid, autotetraploid and trisomic plants indicated similarity in the histochemical changes occurring during ontogeny of the outermost seed coat layer which culminated in the transformation of this layer into the mucilage layer. The increased cell size in this layer in the autotetraploid plants probably accounts for the higher steroid content reported. Corroborative evidences for histochemical changes observed in the mucilage layer were obtained from studies of ultrastructure using transmission electron microscopy.     

Integrating flood depth and plant resistance with chlorantraniliprole seed treatments for management of rice water weevil,Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Chlorantraniliprole seed treatments in rice provide effective suppression of rice water weevil populations in the United States; however, heavy reliance on prophylactic insecticide treatments as a sole strategy could destabilize management programs for this insect. The present research evaluated the compatibility of seed treatments with two other potential management tactics—plant resistance and shallow flooding–by conducting two split‐plot experiments in 2009 and 2011. In both experiments, no substantial antagonism was found among the 3 different tactics. Statistical interactions in these experiments arose from the strong and persistent effects of chlorantraniliprole on larval densities rather than incompatibility of tactics. In 2009, weevil densities differed among varieties and were significantly lower on the cultivar “Jefferson.” In 2011, weevil densities were reduced significantly in shallow‐flooded plots compared to deep‐flooded plots. Significant reductions in weevil numbers by chlorantraniliprole seed treatments, even at application rates 5 fold lower than commercially recommended rates, demonstrated the potential to reduce application rates of this highly potent larvicide. These latter results suggest that future studies on the relationship between chlorantraniliprole seed treatment rate and weevil fitness are warranted.     

Local but Not Systemic Administration of Uridine Prevents Development of Antigen-Induced Arthritis

Objective

Uridine has earlier been show to down modulate inflammation in models of lung inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of uridine in arthritis.

Methods

Arthritis was induced by intra-articular injection of mBSA in the knee of NMRI mice pre-immunized with mBSA. Uridine was either administered locally by direct injection into the knee joint or systemically. Systemic treatment included repeated injections or implantation of a pellet continuously releasing uridine during the entire experimental procedure. Anti-mBSA specific immune responses were determined by ELISA and cell proliferation and serum cytokine levels were determined by Luminex. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify cells, study expression of cytokines and adhesion molecules in the joint.

Results

Local administration of 25–100 mg/kg uridine at the time of arthritis onset clearly prevented development of joint inflammation. In contrast, systemic administration of uridine (max 1.5 mg uridine per day) did not prevent development of arthritis. Protection against arthritis by local administration of uridine did not affect the anti-mBSA specific immune response and did not prevent the rise in serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with the triggering of arthritis. In contrast, local uridine treatment efficiently inhibited synovial expression of ICAM-1 and CD18, local cytokine production and recruitment of leukocytes to the synovium.

Conclusion

Local, but not systemic administration of uridine efficiently prevented development of antigen-induced arthritis. The protective effect did not involve alteration of systemic immunity to mBSA but clearly involved inhibition of synovial expression of adhesion molecules, decreased TNF and IL-6 production and prevention of leukocyte extravasation. Further, uridine is a small, inexpensive molecule and may thus be a new therapeutic option to treat joint inflammation in RA.