全文获取类型
收费全文 | 603篇 |
免费 | 42篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 4篇 |
2022年 | 5篇 |
2021年 | 10篇 |
2020年 | 4篇 |
2019年 | 10篇 |
2018年 | 14篇 |
2017年 | 21篇 |
2016年 | 21篇 |
2015年 | 23篇 |
2014年 | 29篇 |
2013年 | 45篇 |
2012年 | 46篇 |
2011年 | 46篇 |
2010年 | 26篇 |
2009年 | 23篇 |
2008年 | 38篇 |
2007年 | 30篇 |
2006年 | 28篇 |
2005年 | 15篇 |
2004年 | 15篇 |
2003年 | 15篇 |
2002年 | 18篇 |
2001年 | 15篇 |
2000年 | 9篇 |
1999年 | 14篇 |
1998年 | 3篇 |
1997年 | 4篇 |
1994年 | 5篇 |
1992年 | 10篇 |
1991年 | 5篇 |
1990年 | 3篇 |
1989年 | 3篇 |
1988年 | 4篇 |
1987年 | 4篇 |
1986年 | 4篇 |
1985年 | 9篇 |
1984年 | 7篇 |
1983年 | 4篇 |
1982年 | 5篇 |
1981年 | 6篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1979年 | 7篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 4篇 |
1974年 | 4篇 |
1973年 | 6篇 |
1971年 | 4篇 |
1968年 | 3篇 |
1967年 | 2篇 |
1960年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有645条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
21.
Seed priming is a method by which seeds are subjected to different stress conditions to impart stress adaptation in seedlings germinating and growing under stressful situations. Drought stress is a major reason behind failure of crops. We studied the effects of hydropriming, dehydration priming (induced by PEG), and osmopriming (induced by NaCl and KH2PO4) on subsequent germination, growth and anti-oxidant defense mechanisms of 2-week-old rice seedlings under continuing dehydration stress. Unprimed seeds grown in PEG showed significantly lower germination and growth along with significantly higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation levels. Among the priming methods, 5 % PEG priming was found to be the best in terms of germination and growth rate along with the lowest amount of ROS and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde [MDA]) values. MDA levels were reduced significantly by all of the priming methods. Hence, reduction of lipid peroxidation may be a key factor underlying the drought tolerance produced by the priming treatments. Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity seemed to bear an excellent correlation with oxidative stress resistance through seed priming. The PEG priming produced minimum peroxidative damage and superior germination and growth rate along with efficient GPX activity, overexpressed MnSOD and maintenance of HSP70 expression in normal as well as in drought condition. Therefore, in PEG-primed seeds the existence of robust protective mechanisms is definitely indicated. 相似文献
22.
23.
Lionel Hautier Nigel C. Bennett Hermien Viljoen Lauren Howard Michel C. Milinkovitch Athanasia C. Tzika Anjali Goswami Robert J. Asher 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2013,67(7):1994-2010
Consensus on placental mammal phylogeny is fairly recent compared to that for vertebrates as a whole. A stable phylogenetic hypothesis enables investigation into the possibility that placental clades differ from one another in terms of their development. Here, we focus on the sequence of skeletal ossification as a possible source of developmental distinctiveness in “northern” (Laurasiatheria and Euarchontoglires) versus “southern” (Afrotheria and Xenarthra) placental clades. We contribute data on cranial and postcranial ossification events during growth in Afrotheria, including elephants, hyraxes, golden moles, tenrecs, sengis, and aardvarks. We use three different techniques to quantify sequence heterochrony: continuous method, sequence‐ANOVA (analysis of variance) and event‐paring/Parsimov. We show that afrotherians significantly differ from other placentals by an early ossification of the orbitosphenoid and caudal vertebrae. Our analysis also suggests that both southern placental groups show a greater degree of developmental variability; however, they rarely seem to vary in the same direction, especially regarding the shifts that differ statistically. The latter observation is inconsistent with the Atlantogenata hypothesis in which afrotherians are considered as the sister clade of xenarthrans. Interestingly, ancestral nodes for Laurasiatheria and Euarchontoglires show very similar trends and our results suggest that developmental homogeneity in some ossification sequences may be restricted to northern placental mammals (Boreoeutheria). 相似文献
24.
Activation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Revealed by Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry
25.
Gregory J. Tanner Michelle L. Colgrave Malcolm J. Blundell Hareshwar P. Goswami Crispin A. Howitt 《PloS one》2013,8(2)
Background
Subjects suffering from coeliac disease, gluten allergy/intolerance must adopt a lifelong avoidance of gluten. Beer contains trace levels of hordeins (gluten) which are too high to be safely consumed by most coeliacs. Accurate measurement of trace hordeins by ELISA is problematic.Methods
We have compared hordein levels in sixty beers, by sandwich ELISA, with the level determined using multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MRM-MS).Results
Hordein levels measured by ELISA varied by four orders of magnitude, from zero (for known gluten-free beers) to 47,000 µg/mL (ppm; for a wheat-based beer). Half the commercial gluten-free beers were free of hordein by MS and ELISA. Two gluten-free and two low-gluten beers had zero ELISA readings, but contained significant hordein levels (p<0.05), or near average (60–140%) hordein levels, by MS, respectively. Six beers gave false negatives, with zero ELISA readings but near average hordein content by MS. Approximately 20% of commercial beers had ELISA readings less than 1 ppm, but a near average hordein content by MS. Several barley beers also contained undeclared wheat proteins.Conclusions
ELISA results did not correlate with the relative content of hordein peptides determined by MS, with all barley based beers containing hordein. We suggest that mass spectrometry is more reliable than ELISA, as ELISA enumerates only the concentration of particular amino-acid epitopes; this may vary between different hordeins and may not be related to the absolute hordein concentration. MS quantification is undertaken using peptides that are specific and unique, enabling the quantification of individual hordein isoforms. This outlines the problem of relying solely on ELISA determination of gluten in beverages such as beer and highlights the need for the development of new sensitive and selective quantitative assay such as MS. 相似文献26.
Pradyot Bhattacharya Smriti Ghosh Sarfaraz Ahmad Ejazi Mehebubar Rahaman Krishna Pandey Vidya Nand Ravi Das Pradeep Das Rama Prosad Goswami Bibhuti Saha Nahid Ali 《PLoS neglected tropical diseases》2016,10(2)
Background
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is distinguished by a complex interplay of immune response and parasite multiplication inside host cells. However, the direct association between different immunological correlates and parasite numbers remains largely unknown.Methodology/Principal Findings
We examined the plasma levels of different disease promoting/protective as well as Th17 cytokines and found IL-10, TGFβ and IL-17 to be significantly correlated with parasite load in VL patients (r = 0.52, 0.53 and 0.51 for IL-10, TGFβ and IL-17, respectively). We then extended our investigation to a more antigen-specific response and found leishmanial antigen stimulated levels of both IL-10 and TGFβ to be significantly associated with parasite load (r = 0.71 and 0.72 for IL-10 and TGFβ respectively). In addition to cytokines we also looked for different cellular subtypes that could contribute to cytokine secretion and parasite persistence. Our observations manifested an association between different Treg cell markers and disease progression as absolute numbers of CD4+CD25+ (r = 0.55), CD4+CD25hi (r = 0.61) as well as percentages of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells (r = 0.68) all correlated with parasite load. Encouraged by these results, we investigated a link between these immunological components and interestingly found both CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg cells to secrete significantly (p<0.05) higher amounts of not only IL-10 but also TGFβ in comparison to corresponding CD25- T cells.Conclusions/Significance
Our findings shed some light on source(s) of TGFβ and suggest an association between these disease promoting cytokines and Treg cells with parasite load during active disease. Moreover, the direct evidence of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg cells as a source of IL-10 and TGFβ during active VL could open new avenues for immunotherapy towards cure of this potentially fatal disease. 相似文献27.
A 90 mer ssDNA aptamer (P38) enriched against Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH) through SELEX process was immobilized over glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using graphene oxide (GO) as an immobilization matrix, and the modified electrode was investigated for detection of PfLDH. The GO was synthesized from powdered pencil graphite and characterized by XRD based on the increased interlayer distance between graphitic layers from 0.345 nm for graphite to 0.829 nm for GO. The immobilization of P38 on GO was confirmed by ID/IG intensity ratio in Raman spectra where, the ratio were 0.67, 0.915, and 1.35 for graphite, GO and P38-GO, respectively. The formation of the P38 layer over GO-GCE was evident from an increase in the surface height in AFM analysis of the electrode from ∼3.5 nm for GO-GCE to ∼27 nm for P38-GO-GCE. The developed aptasensor when challenged with the target, a detection of as low as 0.5 fM of PfLDH was demonstrated. The specificity of the aptasensor was confirmed through a voltametric measurement at 0.65 V of the reduced co-factor generated from the PfLDH catalysis. Studies on interference from some common proteins, storage stability, repeatability and analysis of real samples demonstrated the practical application potential of the aptasensor. 相似文献
28.
29.
Myosin VI has been studied in both a monomeric and a dimeric form in vitro. Because the functional characteristics of the motor are dramatically different for these two forms, it is important to understand whether myosin VI heavy chains are brought together on endocytic vesicles. We have used fluorescence anisotropy measurements to detect fluorescence resonance energy transfer between identical fluorophores (homoFRET) resulting from myosin VI heavy chains being brought into close proximity. We observed that, when associated with clathrin-mediated endocytic vesicles, myosin VI heavy chains are precisely positioned to bring their tail domains in close proximity. Our data show that on endocytic vesicles, myosin VI heavy chains are brought together in an orientation that previous in vitro studies have shown causes dimerization of the motor. Our results are therefore consistent with vesicle-associated myosin VI existing as a processive dimer, capable of its known trafficking function. 相似文献
30.
Characterization and expression of the mouse Hsc70 gene 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A genomic clone encoding the mouse Hsc70 gene has been isolated and characterized by DNA sequence analysis. The gene is approximately 3. 9 kb in length and contains eight introns, the fifth, sixth and eighth of which encode the three U14 snoRNAs. The gene has been located on Chr 9 in the order Fli1-Itm1-Olfr7-Hsc70(Rnu14)-Cbl by genetic analysis. Expression of Hsc70 is universal in all tissues of the mouse, but is slightly elevated in liver, skeletal muscle and kidney tissue, while being depressed in testes. In cultured mouse NIH 3T3 cells or human HeLa cells, Hsc70 mRNA levels are low under normal conditions, but can be induced 8-fold higher in both lines by treatment with the amino acid analog azetidine. A similar induction is seen in cells treated with the proteosome inhibitor MG132 suggesting that elevated Hsc70 expression may be coupled to protein degradation. Surprisingly, expression of the human Hsc70 gene is also regulated by cell-cycle position being 8-10-fold higher in late G1/S-phase cells as opposed to the levels in early G1-phase cells. 相似文献