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In a paper by Zimmermann and colleagues in this issue of Arthritis Research & Therapy, results of extended laboratory research with the drug combination of prednisolone and dipyridamole are reported. There seems
to be a boost and extension of the glucocorticoid effect by the combination, without a clear increase of adverse effects,
potentially allowing the application of lower dosages. However, laboratory models are not patients and the glucocorticoid
mechanisms leading to effects and adverse effects are manifold. The next required step will be to demonstrate the improved
therapeutic window in patients in adequate comparative clinical trials, assessing predefined beneficial effects and adverse
effects in a standardized way. 相似文献
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Fructans are a major form of stored carbohydrate in vegetative tissues of many plant species and may contribute other functions. Their chemical structures, distribution among plant families, metabolism and possible physiological significance are discussed. 相似文献
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Kumaresan Kavitha Subramanian Mathiyazhagan Vaithiyanathan Sendhilvel Sevagaperumal Nakkeeran GOPAL Chandrasekar WG Dilantha Fernando 《Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection》2013,46(1):69-76
Antifungal antibiotic from Pseudomonas chlororaphis isolate PA23 was identified as Phenazine using TLC and HPLC. Phenazine recorded the highest inhibition zone of 21?mm with 35.55% percent inhibition of mycelial growth of Pythium aphanidermatum over control. It had a significant effect on the hyphal morphology of P. aphanidermatum and on spore germination of Botryodiplodia theobromae and Alternaria solani. Disorganization of hyphal morphology of P. aphanidermatum includes vacuolization, cell content degeneration and hyphal lysis. Similarly interaction of phenazine with Rhizoctonia solani resulted in abnormal swelling of hyphal tips was noticed in the hyphal tips. Similarly the germination of sclerotia of Macrophomina phaseolina, R. solani and Sclerotium rolfsii were completely inhibited by phenazine at a concentration 50?μl. Incubation of the eggs of the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in 30?μl concentration of phenazine, completely suppressed the hatching of juveniles. 相似文献
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Joel S Riley Giovanni Quarato Catherine Cloix Jonathan Lopez Jim O'Prey Matthew Pearson James Chapman Hiromi Sesaki Leo M Carlin João F Passos Ann P Wheeler Andrew Oberst Kevin M Ryan Stephen WG Tait 《The EMBO journal》2018,37(17)
During apoptosis, pro‐apoptotic BAX and BAK are activated, causing mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilisation (MOMP), caspase activation and cell death. However, even in the absence of caspase activity, cells usually die following MOMP. Such caspase‐independent cell death is accompanied by inflammation that requires mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) activation of cGAS‐STING signalling. Because the mitochondrial inner membrane is thought to remain intact during apoptosis, we sought to address how matrix mtDNA could activate the cytosolic cGAS‐STING signalling pathway. Using super‐resolution imaging, we show that mtDNA is efficiently released from mitochondria following MOMP. In a temporal manner, we find that following MOMP, BAX/BAK‐mediated mitochondrial outer membrane pores gradually widen. This allows extrusion of the mitochondrial inner membrane into the cytosol whereupon it permeablises allowing mtDNA release. Our data demonstrate that mitochondrial inner membrane permeabilisation (MIMP) can occur during cell death following BAX/BAK‐dependent MOMP. Importantly, by enabling the cytosolic release of mtDNA, inner membrane permeabilisation underpins the immunogenic effects of caspase‐independent cell death. 相似文献
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Spatial distributions of turgor and longitudinal growth were compared in primary roots of maize (Zea mays L. cv FR27 × FRMo 17) growing in vermiculite at high (−0.02 megapascals) or low (−1.6 megapascals) water potential. Turgor was measured directly using a pressure probe in cells of the cortex and stele. At low water potential, turgor was greatly decreased in both tissues throughout the elongation zone. Despite this, longitudinal growth in the apical 2 millimeters was the same in the two treatments, as reported previously. These results indicate that the low water potential treatment caused large changes in cell wall yielding properties that contributed to the maintenance of root elongation. Further from the apex, longitudinal growth was inhibited at low water potential despite only slightly lower turgor than in the apical region. Therefore, the ability to adjust cell wall properties in response to low water potential may decrease with cell development. 相似文献