青海湟水流域蝶类

1995～2003年调查并整理分析青海湟水流域的蝶类,有9科52属80种,其中凤蝶科1属2种,绢蝶科1属6种,粉蝶科8属22种,斑蝶科1属1种,眼蝶科12属13种,蛱蝶科15属18种,蚬蝶科1属3种,灰蝶科9属10种,弄蝶科4属5种.以古北界为主,青藏区最为丰富.     

How does small-scale fragmentation affect litter-dwelling ants? The role of isolation

Remnant isolation following fragmentation is considered to be one of the main drivers of ecological decline in modified landscapes. Thereby, connecting remnants using ecological corridors has been increasingly suggested as being important for conservation. Our objectives were to test isolation effects on extinction, colonization and turnover rates of a litter-dwelling ant assemblage, and to evaluate effectiveness of ecological corridors to mitigate habitat fragmentation consequences. We used a mesocosm manipulative design, with three different isolation treatments: far, near and near connected by a corridor, sampled fortnightly for 60?days. Fragmentation caused an ongoing decrease in ant species richness, probably due to a negative balance between extinction and colonization. Extinction was steady with time, while colonization decreased over the same period. This outcome highlights the key role that colonization plays in the persistence of populations of litter-dwelling ants. Turnover rates increased with time in the treatment with a corridor, but remained steady in the other treatments. We conclude that corridors are important for not only immigration to remnants, but also emigration, acting as a two way traffic route. Thus, it may be an important “leakage” point for threatened species, with implications for their conservation status.     

靶向细胞外基质磷酸糖蛋白的microRNA的筛选及鉴定

目的:寻找靶向细胞外基质磷酸糖蛋白(MEPE)基因的微小RNA(miRNA),并检测其对人HeLa细胞内源性Mepe基因表达的影响。方法:通过NCBI检索人源Mepe的3’UTR,利用miRNA预测工具TargetScan预测可能靶向Mepe的所有miRNA,通过双萤光素酶报告基因系统检测miRNA与Mepe3’UTR的结合情况,从而初步筛选出可能靶向Mepe的miRNA;同时,用Western印迹检测miRNA经转染后对Mepe基因表达的影响。结果:利用TargetScan预测出36条可能靶向Mepe的miRNA,根据分值及匹配情况从中挑选出6条进行验证;与转染空载体pGL3-cm的相对荧光素值相比,转染miR-376a的相对荧光素值降低较为明显,而当Mepe3’UTR与miR-376a结合位点突变后,miR-376a不能抑制萤光素酶的活性;Western印迹结果显示miR-376a能明显抑制MEPE的表达。结论:miRNA-376a可能是靶向Mepe基因的miRNA,为进一步研究MEPE的功能奠定了基础。     

实验动物皮肤病原真菌检测方法的改良

目的对实验动物皮肤病原真菌2种培养方法进行了比较。方法将采集到的3只皮肤真菌感染病兔样品经由沙氏平皿法和沙氏试管斜面培养法分别进行培养。结果在3只真菌感染病兔中应用试管斜面法我们只检测到1例皮肤病原真菌阳性,而采用沙氏平皿法3例阳性全部检出。结论结合临床检测经验,我们认为本研究的沙氏平皿法优于沙氏试管斜面法,在实验动物皮肤病原真菌常规检测中具有推广应用价值。     

A spatial analytical approach for selecting reintroduction sites for burbot in English rivers

1. Availability of suitable habitat is a prerequisite for species reintroduction success, and to ensure population persistence, investigations of a species’ habitat utilisation throughout its life history should be conducted as part of a feasibility study. 2. Habitat utilisation models for burbot, Lota lota, developed using data from field studies conducted in France and Germany and information from the literature were used to assess the feasibility of reintroducing burbot into rivers of its former native range in eastern England. 3. Per cent tree roots, aquatic vegetation and flow types were important predictors of adult burbot abundance. Furthermore, the habitat utilisation models were supplemented with information from the literature, which suggested that off‐channel habitat such as wetlands and backwaters is important for spawning and nursery stages. 4. An assessment of the habitat availability in the rivers of the burbot’s former native range using variables related to spawning and nursery and adult life stages showed that although adult habitat was widely distributed, the availability of spawning and nursery habitat was less abundant, potentially limiting successful reestablishment. 5. Potential suitable habitat was concentrated in the central and southern areas of the species’ former English distribution. Overall, rivers of the burbot’s former range potentially afford suitable habitat to sustain a reintroduced population. However, sites should be preferentially selected on the basis of having appropriate spawning and nursery areas.     

龙须藤叶粗提物的分离纯化及生物活性初探

为进一步研究和开发新植物源农药,拓宽龙须藤(Bauhinia championii)的生物活性研究,探索其不同组分潜在的杀菌和除草活性,该研究通过常温冷浸提取法提取、真空浓缩得到甲醇提取物。结果表明:用硅胶柱层析分离纯化,经TLC检识和碘缸显色后整合得到9个组分。反复重结晶7号和8号组分中析出的物质,经TLC检识和测熔点,得到1个纯化合物,编为33号,经波谱数据分析与molbase库对照,鉴定该化合物为(1R,2S,3S,4S,5S,6S)-6-甲氧基-1,2,3,4,5-环己烷五醇,是一种重要的工业原料。杀菌和除草活性试验结果显示,粗提物在1 000μg·m L~(-1)时对水稻稻瘟病菌的抑制率为(40.84±1.00)%,对稗草根的抑制率为(49.18±2.33)%;各组分在500μg·m L~(-1)时,4号组分对水稻稻瘟病菌的抑制率达到(44.19±0.76)%,2号和3号组分对稗草根的抑制率分别为(88.92±1.31)%和(90.99±1.45)%,3号和6号组分对马齿苋根的抑制率分别为(72.06±1.31)%和(89.92±1.73)%。这表明龙须藤叶提取物对水稻稻瘟病菌、稗草根和马齿苋根有良好的抑制效果,可进一步分离2号、3号、4号、6号组分,以获得高活性的单体化合物。     

花莲种质资源的遗传多样性及品种间亲缘关系的探讨

利用17个随机引物对来自中国和美国的29份花莲种质资源材料进行了RAPD分析。扩增形成207条谱带,多态带122条,多态率为58．94％。说明中国花莲具有较丰富的遗传多样性。结果还显示：（1）花莲种质资源可被分为2个品种群：品种群Ⅰ以大花型为主,少量小花型。品种群Ⅰ以中小型花为主。又在欧氏遗传距离11．01处分为7个亚品种群。（2）美洲黄莲与中国莲的花莲之间在DNA水平上没有显著差异,与中小型花关系更近。     

野生朱鹮的种群数量和分布现状

2012年9-10月,我们对野生朱鹮（Nipponia nippon）的分布区和潜在分布区进行了调查,共发现其游荡期夜宿地23个,其中20个有朱鹮夜宿,分布在洋县（16个）、宁陕县（3个）和城固县（1个）。对这些夜宿地进行了的同步调查,共统计到野生朱鹮1 090只,其中97.2%分布在洋县境内。最大的夜宿集群数量为184只,集群数量超过40只的夜宿地共11个,累计停歇的朱鹮占总数的91.7%,表明野生朱鹮在游荡期有趋于集结较大群体夜宿的习性。朱鹮野生种群中当年出生的幼鸟占19.0%,据此估算,截至秋季朱鹮幼鸟的存活率约为67.2%。加强对保护区以外,尤其是野生朱鹮新扩散地区的的保护管理,将促进野生朱鹮种群的扩散,进一步增加这一濒危物种抵御风险的能力。     

提高微生物学教学质量的几点体会

微生物学是许多高校生物专业的一门专业必修课,提高该课程的教学质量,紧跟学科的最新进展,应选用优秀教材,充分利用各种参考资源;因材施教,合理布局教学内容.充分利用现代信息技术和教学手段,采用多样化的教学方法和完善的考核方式;尽可能使学生成为教学的主体,激发学生的学习兴趣和主动性,充分发挥教学相长的作用.     

广东人禽流感H5N1毒株M基因特性、进化和变异

通过对人禽流感H5N1毒株M基因序列的变异分析,揭示毒株M基因特征与进化。检测广东地区人禽流感H5N1毒株M基因核苷酸序列,同时检索全球人禽流感H5N1毒株M基因序列,采用DNAStar5.0软件对检索的人禽流感H5N1毒株M基因核苷酸序列进行比对和分析;并结合流行病学资料对变异毒株进行进化速度分析。结果发现,1997~2006年53株毒株M1基因和51株毒株M2核苷酸序列同源性均分成两组,1997年毒株为第一组(GⅠ),2003~2006年香港、越南、泰国、印尼、中国大陆、土耳其、伊拉克、阿塞拜疆、埃及毒株为第二组(GⅡ)。M1基因20个氨基酸位点置换,占7.94%(20/252),其中2003~2006年毒株M1基因有9个氨基酸位点不同于1997年毒株;M2基因22个氨基酸置换,占22.7%,其中2003~2006年毒株M2基因有4个氨基酸不同于1997年毒株。M2基因Ks值为26.8×10-6~42.6×10-6Nt/d,Ka值为4.39×10-6~6.98×10-6Nt/d;而M1基因的同义突变速度均远高于错义突变速度,显示M1基因受到机体免疫压力较小;检验发现M1基因进化存在负选择性压力。2003~2006年毒株M1基因通过氨基酸S224N置换,增加一个糖基化位点NSS224-226;而来自印尼的8株毒株M2基因发生C50F置换,引起蛋白二级结构改变。1997年中国香港人禽流感毒株自当时出现后,便未在以后人禽流感疫情中出现。2003~2006年毒株M1基因增加糖基化位点NSS224-226,可能与毒株致病性有关。人禽流感H5N1毒株M基因在自然界变异频繁,可能影响H5N1毒株的人-人传播能力。