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11.
D Tarin J E Price M G Kettlewell R G Souter A C Vass B Crossley 《BMJ (Clinical research ed.)》1984,288(6419):749-751
Fourteen patients with inoperable cancer treated with peritoneovenous shunts for malignant ascites were studied post mortem. Clinical observations and findings at necropsy indicated that peritoneovenous shunting does not result in the establishment of clinically important haematogenous metastases and that metastases do not necessarily develop even when large numbers of viable tumour cells regularly enter the blood. Peritoneovenous shunting provides a unique opportunity for collecting data on the spread of tumours in man. 相似文献
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Background
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi can be considered as a rodent model of human malaria parasites in the genetic analysis of important characters such as drug resistance and immunity. Despite the availability of some genome sequence data, an extensive genetic linkage map is needed for mapping the genes involved in certain traits.Methods
The inheritance of 672 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers from two parental clones (AS and AJ) of P. c. chabaudi was determined in 28 independent recombinant progeny clones. These, AFLP markers and 42 previously mapped Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) markers (used as chromosomal anchors) were organized into linkage groups using Map Manager software.Results
614 AFLP markers formed linkage groups assigned to 10 of 14 chromosomes, and 12 other linkage groups not assigned to known chromosomes. The genetic length of the genome was estimated to be about 1676 centiMorgans (cM). The mean map unit size was estimated to be 13.7 kb/cM. This was slightly less then previous estimates for the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparumConclusion
The P. c. chabaudi genetic linkage map presented here is the most extensive and highly resolved so far available for this species. It can be used in conjunction with the genome databases of P. c chabaudi, P. falciparum and Plasmodium yoelii to identify genes underlying important phenotypes such as drug resistance and strain-specific immunity. 相似文献14.
Analysis of in vitro mineralisation is an important tool in orthopedic research, allowing assessment of new therapeutic agents and devices; however, access to analytical equipment and accuracy of current methods can be a limiting factor. This current work investigated the use of calcium chelation with citric acid and subsequent analysis by ion chromatography as a method for accurately quantifying the extent of in vitro calcium deposition. Primary human osteoblasts were cultured on tissue culture plastic for 21 days under osteogenic conditions. At 3, 7, 14, and 21 days, alizarin red staining and citric acid calcium chelation of the cultures were performed. The use of alizarin red revealed increased calcium deposition over the culture period but was not sensitive enough to detect mineralisation at early time points after taking in to account background residual staining. The use of ion chromatography gave a limit of detection of 2 μg calcium, sensitive enough to detect mineralisation after 3 days, with no issues relating to background levels. We believe that the use of ion chromatography for quantifying in vitro mineralisation gives researchers an accurate, accessible, and cheap way of assessing novel technologies. 相似文献
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Considering the rapid degradation of coral reefs, it is becoming increasingly important to assess factors such as levels of
intraspecific genetic diversity and degree of connectivity between populations and reefs. In this study, five DNA microsatellite
markers were used to infer migration patterns and levels of genetic diversity in ten populations of the faviid coral Platygyra daedalea along the coast of East Africa. Populations from reef-slopes and offshore islands had significantly greater genetic diversity,
measured as expected heterozygosity and allelic richness than those of inshore lagoonal reefs. A combination of F-statistics
and individual assignment tests indicated moderate to high levels of gene flow among lagoonal populations, and less migration
between lagoonal sites and the reef-slope and island sites. These results suggest that reef-slope and island reefs could be
important reservoirs of genetic diversity for this coral species.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
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Cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans R2, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (wild-type strain and mutants Delta2 and Delta3 lacking PSII and PSI, respectively), and Synechocystis sp. BO 9201 synthesize the pigment--protein complex CP36 (CPIV-4, CP43') under iron deficiency in the medium. Accumulation of CP36 is accompanied by structural reorganizations in the photosynthetic membranes. Integrating mean times of excitation relaxation (quenching) are 2.2 nsec (CP36), 1 nsec (PSI), and 420 psec (PSII in Fm state). The energy migration between CP36 and the photosystems can be described by a model of a one-layer ring of CP36 around core-complexes. The excitation from CP36 to PSI is transferred within <10 psec. The energy transfer from CP36 to PSII occurs during 170 psec. Cells with low content of CP36 probably contain only a latent fraction of unbound to phycobilisomes PSII which is the analog of PSIIbeta of higher plants. In PSI there are four binding sites for CP36 monomers per RC. PSII can bind up to 32 molecules of CP36 per RC. Cells with a large amount of CP36 contain monomer form of PSII core-complex which can bind eight tetramers of CP36 (8 binding sites). In conditions of iron deficiency only one monomer of a dimer PSII core-complex is destroyed and released chlorophyll is accumulated in CP36. Accumulation of CP36 in A. nidulans cells can be accompanied by membrane stacking which is similar to the stacking in chlorophyll b-containing organisms. The stacking can occur in the region of localization of PSII latent fraction bound to CP36. The membrane stacking shields PSII stromal surfaces from the aqueous phase for activation of electron transfer on the acceptor side of PSII. 相似文献
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Phylogenetic relationships within the Alcidae (Charadriiformes: Aves) inferred from total molecular evidence 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
The Alcidae is a unique assemblage of Northern Hemisphere seabirds that
forage by "flying" underwater. Despite obvious affinities among the
species, their evolutionary relationships are unclear. We analyzed
nucleotide sequences of 1,045 base pairs of the mitochondrial cytochrome b
gene and allelic profiles for 37 allozyme loci in all 22 extant species.
Trees were constructed on independent and combined data sets using maximum
parsimony and distance methods that correct for superimposed changes.
Alternative methods of analysis produced only minor differences in
relationships that were supported strongly by bootstrapping or standard
error tests. Combining sequence and allozyme data into a single analysis
provided the greatest number of relationships receiving strong support.
Addition of published morphological and ecological data did not improve
support for any additional relationship. All analyses grouped species into
six distinct lineages: (1) the dovekie (Alle alle) and auks, (2)
guillemots, (3) brachyramphine murrelets, (4) synthliboramphine murrelets,
(5) true auklets, and (6) the rhinoceros auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata) and
puffins. The two murres (genus Uria) were sister taxa, and the black
guillemot (Cepphus grylle) was basal to the other guillemots. The Asian
subspecies of the marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus perdix) was
the most divergent brachyramphine murrelet, and two distinct lineages
occurred within the synthliboramphine murrelets. Cassin's auklet
(Ptychoramphus aleuticus) and the rhinoceros auklet were basal to the other
auklets and puffins, respectively, and the Atlantic (Fratercula arctica)
and horned (Fratercula corniculata) puffins were sister taxa. Several
relationships among tribes, among the dovekie and auks, and among the
auklets could not be resolved but resembled "star" phylogenies indicative
of adaptive radiations at different depths within the trees.
相似文献
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Nicholas J. Souter Shaun Cunningham Stuart Little Todd Wallace Bernard McCarthy Mark Henderson 《Ecological Management & Restoration》2010,11(3):210-214
Summary For decades the floodplain forests of the River Murray have endured the effects of prolonged water stress. This has resulted in significant crown dieback and loss of condition. The Living Murray (TLM) initiative aims to restore the ecological health of six Icon Sites along the River. The two eucalypts River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and Black Box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) that dominate the forests at five of the six Icon Sites are undergoing widespread decline. To enable effective management and restoration of these forests, we developed a standardised tree condition assessment method. Named the TLM tree condition assessment method, it utilises visual assessment of a range of tree crown variables (extent and density of the foliage in the crown, epicormic growth, new tip growth, reproductive activity, leaf die‐off, mistletoe infestation) and measurements of bark condition, diameter at breast height and dominance class. This article describes the TLM tree condition assessment method and assesses it for consistency between multiple observer teams after limited training. The level of observer agreement between six teams each comprised of two observers was assessed for seven of the ten variables. Intra‐class correlation was used to compare scores of 30 River Red Gum trees assessed on Gunbower Island on the River Murray. The level of agreement for all variables was statistically significant with six of seven variables having correlation coefficients over R = 0.5. The TLM tree condition assessment method was found to provide accurate estimates of a range of tree variables that can be used to determine tree condition. The TLM tree condition assessment method provides a valuable monitoring tool that can be used to assess management interventions, such as management flooding and silvicultural thinning. 相似文献