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301.
302.
In the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, histone proteins organize the linear genome into a functional and hierarchical architecture. In this paper, we use the crystal structures of the nucleosome core particle, B-DNA and the globular domain of H5 linker histone to build the first all-atom model of compact chromatin fibers. In this 3D jigsaw puzzle, DNA bending is achieved by solving an inverse kinematics problem. Our model is based on recent electron microscopy measurements of reconstituted fiber dimensions. Strikingly, we find that the chromatin fiber containing linker histones is a polymorphic structure. We show that different fiber conformations are obtained by tuning the linker histone orientation at the nucleosomes entry/exit according to the nucleosomal repeat length. We propose that the observed in vivo quantization of nucleosomal repeat length could reflect nature's ability to use the DNA molecule's helical geometry in order to give chromatin versatile topological and mechanical properties. 相似文献
303.
304.
Lévesque M Gatien S Finnson K Desmeules S Villiard E Pilote M Philip A Roy S 《PloS one》2007,2(11):e1227
Axolotls (urodele amphibians) have the unique ability, among vertebrates, to perfectly regenerate many parts of their body including limbs, tail, jaw and spinal cord following injury or amputation. The axolotl limb is the most widely used structure as an experimental model to study tissue regeneration. The process is well characterized, requiring multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms. The preparation phase represents the first part of the regeneration process which includes wound healing, cellular migration, dedifferentiation and proliferation. The redevelopment phase represents the second part when dedifferentiated cells stop proliferating and redifferentiate to give rise to all missing structures. In the axolotl, when a limb is amputated, the missing or wounded part is regenerated perfectly without scar formation between the stump and the regenerated structure. Multiple authors have recently highlighted the similarities between the early phases of mammalian wound healing and urodele limb regeneration. In mammals, one very important family of growth factors implicated in the control of almost all aspects of wound healing is the transforming growth factor-beta family (TGF-beta). In the present study, the full length sequence of the axolotl TGF-beta1 cDNA was isolated. The spatio-temporal expression pattern of TGF-beta1 in regenerating limbs shows that this gene is up-regulated during the preparation phase of regeneration. Our results also demonstrate the presence of multiple components of the TGF-beta signaling machinery in axolotl cells. By using a specific pharmacological inhibitor of TGF-beta type I receptor, SB-431542, we show that TGF-beta signaling is required for axolotl limb regeneration. Treatment of regenerating limbs with SB-431542 reveals that cellular proliferation during limb regeneration as well as the expression of genes directly dependent on TGF-beta signaling are down-regulated. These data directly implicate TGF-beta signaling in the initiation and control of the regeneration process in axolotls. 相似文献
305.
Vazeille M Moutailler S Coudrier D Rousseaux C Khun H Huerre M Thiria J Dehecq JS Fontenille D Schuffenecker I Despres P Failloux AB 《PloS one》2007,2(11):e1168
Background
A Chikungunya (CHIK) outbreak hit La Réunion Island in 2005–2006. The implicated vector was Aedes albopictus. Here, we present the first study on the susceptibility of Ae. albopictus populations to sympatric CHIKV isolates from La Réunion Island and compare it to other virus/vector combinations.Methodology and Findings
We orally infected 8 Ae. albopictus collections from La Réunion and 3 from Mayotte collected in March 2006 with two Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) from La Réunion: (i) strain 05.115 collected in June 2005 with an Alanine at the position 226 of the glycoprotein E1 and (ii) strain 06.21 collected in November 2005 with a substitution A226V. Two other CHIKV isolates and four additional mosquito strains/species were also tested. The viral titer of the infectious blood-meal was 107 plaque forming units (pfu)/mL. Dissemination rates were assessed by immunofluorescent staining on head squashes of surviving females 14 days after infection. Rates were at least two times higher with CHIKV 06.21 compared to CHIKV 05.115. In addition, 10 individuals were analyzed every day by quantitative RT-PCR. Viral RNA was quantified on (i) whole females and (ii) midguts and salivary glands of infected females. When comparing profiles, CHIKV 06.21 produced nearly 2 log more viral RNA copies than CHIKV 05.115. Furthermore, females infected with CHIKV 05.115 could be divided in two categories: weakly susceptible or strongly susceptible, comparable to those infected by CHIKV 06.21. Histological analysis detected the presence of CHIKV in salivary glands two days after infection. In addition, Ae. albopictus from La Réunion was as efficient vector as Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus from Vietnam when infected with the CHIKV 06.21.Conclusions
Our findings support the hypothesis that the CHIK outbreak in La Réunion Island was due to a highly competent vector Ae. albopictus which allowed an efficient replication and dissemination of CHIKV 06.21. 相似文献306.
Cheung N Saw SM Islam FM Rogers SL Shankar A de Haseth K Mitchell P Wong TY 《Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)》2007,15(1):209-215
Objective: In adult populations, changes in retinal vascular caliber have been linked with obesity and metabolic syndrome. We examined the association of BMI and weight with retinal vascular caliber in children. Research Methods and Procedures: This was a school‐based, cross‐sectional study of 768 children, 7 to 9 years old, randomly sampled from the Singapore Cohort Study of the Risk Factors for Myopia. Participants had digital retinal photographs. Retinal vascular caliber was measured using a computer‐based program and combined to provide average calibers of arterioles and venules in that eye. Weight and height were measured using standardized protocol. These data were used to calculate BMI. Results: In this population, the mean retinal arteriolar and venular calibers were 156.40 μm [95% confidence interval (CI), 155.44 to 157.36] and 225.43 μm (95% CI, 224.10 to 226.74) respectively. After controlling for age, gender, race, parental monthly income, axial length, birth weight, and birth length, each 3.1 kg/m2 (standard deviation) increase in BMI was associated with a 2.55‐μm (95% CI, 1.21 to 3.89; p < 0.001) larger retinal venular caliber. In multivariable analysis, greater weight was also significantly associated with larger retinal venular caliber. BMI and weight were not associated with retinal arteriolar caliber. Height was not significantly associated with retinal arteriolar or venular caliber. Discussion: Greater BMI and weight are associated with larger retinal venular caliber in healthy children. 相似文献
307.
Tuefferd M Couturier J Penault-Llorca F Vincent-Salomon A Broët P Guastalla JP Allouache D Combe M Weber B Pujade-Lauraine E Camilleri-Broët S 《PloS one》2007,2(11):e1138
Background
Despite a typically good response to first-line combination chemotherapy, the prognosis for patients with advanced ovarian cancer remains poor because of acquired chemoresistance. The use of targeted therapies such as trastuzumab may potentially improve outcomes for patients with ovarian cancer. HER2 overexpression/amplification has been reported in ovarian cancer, but the exact percentage of HER2-positive tumors varies widely in the literature. In this study, HER2 gene status was evaluated in a large, multicentric series of 320 patients with advanced ovarian cancer, including 243 patients enrolled in a multicenter prospective clinical trial of paclitaxel/carboplatin-based chemotherapy.Methodology/Principal Findings
The HER2 status of primary tumors and metastases was evaluated by both immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of paraffin-embedded tissue on conventional slides. The prognostic impact of HER2 expression was analyzed. HER2 gene was overexpressed and amplified in 6.6% of analyzed tumors. Despite frequent intratumoral heterogeneity, no statistically significant difference was detected between primary tumors and corresponding metastases.Conclusions/Significance
Our results show that the decision algorithm usually used in breast cancer (IHC as a screening test, with equivocal results confirmed by FISH) is appropriate in ovarian cancer. In contrast to previous series, HER2-positive status did not influence outcome in the present study, possibly due to the fact that patients in our study received paclitaxel/carboplatin-based chemotherapy. This raises the question of whether HER2 status and paclitaxel sensitively are linked. 相似文献308.
Mechanisms of leukemogenesis induced by bovine leukemia virus: prospects for novel anti-retroviral therapies in human 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nicolas Gillet Arnaud Florins Mathieu Boxus Catherine Burteau Annamaria Nigro Fabian Vandermeers Hervé Balon Amel-Baya Bouzar Julien Defoiche Arsène Burny Michal Reichert Richard Kettmann Luc Willems 《Retrovirology》2007,4(1):1-32
In 1871, the observation of yellowish nodules in the enlarged spleen of a cow was considered to be the first reported case of bovine leukemia. The etiological agent of this lymphoproliferative disease, bovine leukemia virus (BLV), belongs to the deltaretrovirus genus which also includes the related human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). This review summarizes current knowledge of this viral system, which is important as a model for leukemogenesis. Recently, the BLV model has also cast light onto novel prospects for therapies of HTLV induced diseases, for which no satisfactory treatment exists so far. 相似文献
309.
Julien Boudet Anne Chouquet Aicha Chahboune Cécile Giustini Bernard Joris Jean-Pierre Simorre Catherine Bougault 《Biomolecular NMR assignments》2007,1(1):89-91
The ampG gene codes for a permease required to uptake anhydro-muropeptides into bacterial cytoplasm. Located upstream in the same
operon, is another 579-base-pair-long open reading frame encoding a putative lipoprotein YajG, whose nearly complete 1H,13C,15N assignments are reported here. 相似文献
310.
Sophie O. Vanwambeke Eric F. Lambin Markus P. Eichhorn Stéphane P. Flasse Ralph E. Harbach Linda Oskam Pradya Somboon Stella van Beers Birgit H. B. van Benthem Cathy Walton Roger K. Butlin 《EcoHealth》2007,4(1):37-51
Land-use change, a major constituent of global environmental change, potentially has significant consequences for human health
in relation to mosquito-borne diseases. Land-use change can influence mosquito habitat, and therefore the distribution and
abundance of vectors, and land use mediates human–mosquito interactions, including biting rate. Based on a conceptual model
linking the landscape, people, and mosquitoes, this interdisciplinary study focused on the impacts of changes in land use
on dengue and malaria vectors and dengue transmission in northern Thailand. Extensive data on mosquito presence and abundance,
land-use change, and infection risk determinants were collected over 3 years. The results of the different components of the
study were then integrated through a set of equations linking land use to disease via mosquito abundance. The impacts of a
number of plausible scenarios for future land-use changes in the region, and of concomitant behavioral change were assessed.
Results indicated that land-use changes have a detectable impact on mosquito populations and on infection. This impact varies
according to the local environment but can be counteracted by adoption of preventive measures. 相似文献