Incidence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in milk produced in the west of Scotland

Antibiotic-resistant Esch. coli were found in 10.6% of milk samples collected from 998 farms in the west of Scotland. The incidence of both Esch. coli and antibiotic-resistant Esch. coli in milk was higher when the cattle were housed day and night than when they were outdoors. Of the 1125 Esch. coli isolates tested 22.2% were antibiotic resistant and of these 42.4% were resistant to more than one antibiotic. Escherichia coli carrying up to six resistance determinants were isolated. The possible implications to animal and human health are discussed.     

Detection and enumeration of virulent Yersinia enterocolitica in food by DNA colony hybridization.

A portion of a 44-megadalton plasmid found in Yersinia enterocolitica 8081 was used as a genetic probe to differentiate virulent and nonvirulent strains of the species. A DNA colony hybridization technique was employed. Three BamHI restriction endonuclease fragments labeled with 32P by nick translation were hybridized to lysed colonies of pure cultures, mixtures of virulent and nonvirulent cells, and portions of a food sample artificially contaminated with virulent Y. enterocolitica. The results of the colony hybridization test for virulence were the same as those obtained by the autoagglutination and suckling mouse tests. DNA colony hybridization detects pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in foods without the need for enrichment or pure cultures.     

Purification and characteristics of an endogenous alpha-amylase inhibitor from barley kernels

An inhibitor of malted barley (Hordeum vulgare cv Conquest) α-amylase II was purified 125-fold from a crude extract of barley kernels by (NH₄)₂SO₄ fractionation, ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel, and gel filtration on Bio-Gel P 60. The inhibitor was a protein with an approximate molecular weight of 20,000 daltons and an isoelectric point of 7.3. The protein was homogeneous, as assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Amino acid analysis indicated the presence of about 9 half-cystine residues per mole. The neutral isoelectric point of the inhibitor suggested that some of the apparently acidic residues (glutamic and aspartic) existed in the amide form. The first twenty N-terminal amino acids were sequenced. Some homology appeared to exist between the α-amylase II inhibitor and trypsin inhibitor from barley. Complex formation between α-amylase II and the inhibitor was detected by the appearance of a new molecular weight species after gel filtration on Bio-Gel P 100. Enzyme and inhibitor had to be preincubated for 5 min, prior to assaying for enzyme activity before maximum inhibition was attained. Inhibition increased at higher pH values. At pH 5.5, an approximately 1100 molar excess of inhibitor over α-amylase II produced 40% inhibition, whereas, at pH 8.0, a 1:1 molar ratio of inhibitor to enzyme produced the same degree of inhibition.     

Toxic tetranortriterpenes of the fruit of Melia azedarach

Four new tetranortriterpenes, meliatoxins A₁, A₂, B₁ and B₂ have been isolated and identified as toxic constituents of the fruit of Melia azedarach L. var. australasica. Toxicity and pathological results confirm that the meliatoxins are responsible for most but not all of the symptoms resulting from the ingestion of whole fruit.     

The optical properties of CuA in bovine cytochrome c oxidase determined by low-temperature magnetic-circular-dichroism spectroscopy.

The visible-near-i.r.-region m.c.d. (magnetic-circular-dichroism) spectrum recorded at low temperature in the range 450-900 nm is reported for oxidized resting mammalian cytochrome c oxidase. M.c.d. magnetization curves determined at different wavelengths reveal the presence of two paramagnetic species. Curves at 576, 613 and 640 nm fit well to those expected for an x,y-polarized haem transition with g values of 3.03, 2.21 and 1.45, i.e. cytochrome a3+. The m.c.d. features at 515, 785 and 817 nm magnetize as a S = 1/2 paramagnet with average g values close to 2, and simulated m.c.d. magnetization curves obtained by using the observed g values of CuA2+, i.e. 2.18, 2.03 and 1.99, fit well to the experimental observations. The form of the m.c.d. magnetization curve at 466 nm is curious, but it can be explained if CuA2+ and cytochrome a3+ contribute with oppositely signed bands at this wavelength. By comparing the m.c.d. spectrum of the enzyme with that of extracted haem a-bisimidazole complex it has been possible to deconvolute the m.c.d. spectrum of CuA2+, which shows transitions throughout the spectral region from 450 to 950 nm. The m.c.d.-spectral properties of CuA2+ were compared with those of a well-defined type I blue copper centre in azurin isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The absolute intensities of the m.c.d. signals at equal fields and temperatures for CuA2+ are 10-20-fold greater than those for azurin. The optical spectrum of CuA2+ strongly suggests an assignment as a d9 ion rather than Cu(I) bound to a thiyl radical.     

Structural and functional studies of the adrenal zona glomerulosa in sodium-depleted and sodium-loaded sheep

Cell and Tissue Research - The effects of alterations in sodium status upon the morphology of the adrenal zona glomerulosa in sheep have been examined qualitatively and quantitatively, using...     

Nonspecific inhibition of precursor uptake by alkyl-substituted purines and prednisolone

Of 43 compounds, encompassing a wide variety of biological activities, only the same six (9-cyclopentyladenine, 9-benzyladenine,9-n-butyladenine, 6-benzylthiopurine, 9-cyclopentyl-6-mercaptopurine, and prednisolone), at concentrations less than 10 times the toxic amounts, inhibited precursor incorporation into lipids, glycoproteins, and DNA of logarithmically-growing adenocarcinoma 755 and leukemia LI 210 cells in culture. For adenocarcinoma 755 cells, each of the six agents, added subsequent to choline, had little effect on the incorporation of choline into lipids, an indication that their action was on uptake of the precursor rather than on a bio-synthetic step. Direct measurements of choline and thymidine uptake into cells of both types showed that each of the six agents apparently blocked choline incorporation into lipids and thymidine incorporation into nucleic acids by inhibiting uptake of the precursors.