响应面法优化飞龙掌血中总生物碱的提取工艺

以飞龙掌血（Toddalia asiatica（L.）Lam.）的根为实验材料,以总生物碱的含量为检测指标,应用响应面法对飞龙掌血中总生物碱的提取工艺进行了优化。结果显示,当提取条件为乙醇体积分数74.76%、料液比20∶1和提取时间32.87 min时,飞龙掌血提取物中总生物碱的理论含量值可达11.09 mg/g,总生物碱含量达到最高值。按照最佳提取工艺条件进行验证,3次平行实验的均值为（10.74 ±0.18）mg/g,与理论值差异较小,表明利用响应面法来优化飞龙掌血中总生物碱的最佳提取工艺模型拟合良好,具有一定实用价值。     

茶树DELLA基因家族的鉴定及表达分析

利用生物信息学方法,从茶树（Camellia sinensis（L.）O.Ktze.）全基因组数据库中分析获得DELLA蛋白的家族成员,并对它们的系统进化关系、蛋白序列特征、基因表达特异性及其与茶树次生代谢物的相关性进行分析。结果显示：茶树基因组中共有5个DELLA基因,分别为：TEA009882（CsGAI）、TEA022818（CsRGA1）、TEA010112（CsRGL1）、TEA008736（CsRGL2）和TEA020933（CsRGL3）;其编码的氨基酸数量在525~594之间,均定位于细胞核。该蛋白的二级和三级结构分析结果表明,茶树DELLA蛋白结构中含有大量的α螺旋及少量β转角结构。蛋白保守结构域分析结果显示该蛋白与拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana（L.）Heynh.）具有高度的同源性,均具有GRAS、DELLA等保守结构域。基因的表达特异性分析结果表明,在茶树不同组织部位中,TEA009882、TEA022818和TEA010112基因的表达量均较高,而TEA020933和TEA008736的表达量在各组织中均较低;茶树DELLA基因的表达受到干旱、NaCl、低温及茉莉酸甲酯等非生物逆境胁迫的调控,且其表达量与茶树次生代谢物的积累间存在相关性。推测茶树DELLA基因广泛参与了茶树生长发育及非生物逆境胁迫的响应,以及对次生代谢物生物合成过程的调控。     

Fis1, Mff,MiD49, and MiD51 mediate Drp1 recruitment in mitochondrial fission

Several mitochondrial outer membrane proteins—mitochondrial fission protein 1 (Fis1), mitochondrial fission factor (Mff), mitochondrial dynamics proteins of 49 and 51 kDa (MiD49 and MiD51, respectively)—have been proposed to promote mitochondrial fission by recruiting the GTPase dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), but fundamental issues remain concerning their function. A recent study supported such a role for Mff but not for Fis1. In addition, it is unclear whether MiD49 and MiD51 activate or inhibit fission, because their overexpression causes extensive mitochondrial elongation. It is also unknown whether these proteins can act in the absence of one another to mediate fission. Using Fis1-null, Mff-null, and Fis1/Mff-null cells, we show that both Fis1 and Mff have roles in mitochondrial fission. Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis of Drp1 suggests that Fis1 and Mff are important for the number and size of Drp1 puncta on mitochondria. Finally, we find that either MiD49 or MiD51 can mediate Drp1 recruitment and mitochondrial fission in the absence of Fis1 and Mff. These results demonstrate that multiple receptors can recruit Drp1 to mediate mitochondrial fission.     

Effects of dietary live yeast Hanseniaspora opuntiae C21 on the immune and disease resistance against Vibrio splendidus infection in juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

A feeding experiment was conducted to determine effects of Hanseniaspora opuntiae C21 on immune response and disease resistance against Vibrio splendidus infection in juvenile sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus. Sea cucumbers were fed with either diets containing C21 at 10⁴, 10⁵ and 10⁶ CFU g^?1 feed or a control diet for 30–50 days, respectively. After feeding for 30 days and 45 days, five sea cucumbers from each tank were sampled for immunological analyses. Results indicated that C21 significantly improved the phagocytic activity in coelomocytes of sea cucumbers (P < 0.05). Moreover, C21 administration significantly enhanced lysozyme (LSZ), phenoloxidase activity (PO), total nitric oxide synthase (T-NOS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) activities in coelomic fluid, and LSZ, T-NOS, AKP and ACP activities in coelomocytes lysate supernatant (CLS) of sea cucumbers (P < 0.05). After feeding for 45 days, 10 sea cucumbers from each dose group were challenged with V. splendidus NB13. Cumulative incidence and mortality of sea cucumbers fed with C21 were found to be lower than those of control group. After feeding for 50 days, sea cucumbers in 10⁴ CFU g^?1 C21 treatment and control tanks were subjected to acute salinity changes (from 30 to 20) for 24 h in the laboratory, and the immunological parameters were measured to evaluate the immune capacities of the A. japonicus. Phagocytic, LAZ and T-NOS activities of C21-treated group were higher than those of control group, indicating that salinity stress tolerance of sea cucumber was enhanced by C21. The present results showed that a diet supplemented with C21 could stimulate the immune system of juvenile A. japonicus thus enhancing their resistance against V. splendidus.     

Identification and characterization of a pig FKBP5 gene with a novel expression pattern in lymphocytes and granulocytes

Abstract

The immunophilins are an important group of regulatory molecules in the immune system. FKBP5, expressed throughout mammals and in fish and birds, functions in both physiological and pathogenic pathways, including innate immunity and steroid-based diseases. In this study, we cloned the first porcine FKBP5 from Rongchang pig by the rapid amplification of cDNA ends technique. The full-length cDNA is 4097?bp, with an open reading frame of 1371?bp that codes for a 457-aa protein. Western blotting detected the porcine FKBP5 protein at highest levels in thymus, followed by spleen and lung. Immunohistochemistry detected the porcine FKBP5 protein in lymphocytes and granulocytes of the blood, and flow cytometry identified greater expression in unactivated (vs. activated) T lymphocytes. Finally, the expression level of porcine FKBP5 in the granulocytes was found to decline significantly from the time of birth to one-year-old. These collective data suggest that the newly identified porcine FKBP5 may function in activation of T cells in pig and in innate immunity in the newborn pig in particular.     

Molecular cloning,characterization of one key molecule of teleost innate immunity from orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides): Serum amyloid A

The orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), a favorite marine food fish, is widely cultured in China and Southeast Asian countries. However, little is known about its acute phase response (APR) caused by viral diseases. Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a major acute phase protein (APP). In this study, a new SAA homologous (EcSAA) gene was cloned from grouper, E. coioides, by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) PCR. The full-length cDNA sequence of SAA was 508 bp and contained a 363 bp open reading frame (ORF) coding for a protein of 121 aa. Similar to other fish known SAA genes, the EcSAA gene contained four exons and three introns. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that EcSAA mRNA is predominately expressed in liver and gill of grouper. Furthermore, the expression of EcSAA was differentially up-regulated in liver after infection with Staphyloccocus aureus, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV). Recombinant EcSAA (rEcSAA) was expressed in Escherichia BL21 (DE3) and purified for mouse anti-EcSAA serum preparation. The rEcSAA fusion protein was demonstrated to bind to all tested bacteria and yeast, and inhibit the replication of SGIV. Overexpression of EcSAA in grouper spleen (GS) cells could also inhibit the replication of SGIV. These results suggest that EcSAA may be an important molecule in the innate immunity of grouper.     

Y-SNPs Haplotype Diversity in Four Chinese Cattle Breeds

To investigate the genetic diversity of Chinese cattle, 96 male samples of 4 Chinese native cattle breeds were investigated using 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms specific to the bovine Y chromosome. Two previously described haplotypes (taurine Y2 and indicine Y3) were detected in 74 and 22 animals, respectively. The haplotype frequencies varied amongst the four native breeds. The taurine Y2 haplotype dominated in the Qinchuan, Dabieshan, and Yunba breeds. However, the indicine Y3 haplotype occurred in high frequency in the Enshi breed. Among the four native breeds, Yunba had the highest haplotype diversity (0.4330 ± 0.0750), followed by Qinchuan (0.2899 ± 0.1028) and Enshi (0.2222 ± 0.1662), Dabieshan was the least differentiated (0.1079 ± 0.0680). Compared with some foreign cattle breeds, the low level of haplotype diversity was detected in our breeds (0.2633 ± 0.1030).     

Expression of Insulin-Like Growth Factor System Genes in Liver Tissue During Embryonic and Early Post-Hatch Development in Duck (Anas platyrhynchos Domestica)

The IGF system is one of the most important endocrine and paracrine growth factor systems that regulate fetal and placental growth, whereas the liver is the principal source of circulation IGF-I. In the present study, expression of IGF-I, IGF type-I receptor (IGF-IR), and IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 genes was quantified by RT-PCR in the liver tissue on days 13, 17, 21, 25, and 27 of embryonic development, as well as at 7 days post-hatching (PH) in meat-type Gaoyou ducks and egg-type Jinding ducks. The results showed that IGF-I mRNA could be detected as early as on E 13d, but the expression level was low throughout embryonic development before increasing dramatically by E 27d and 7 days PH in both duck breeds. However, Gaoyou ducks exhibited higher IGF-I mRNA level than Jinding ducks, and the differences were significant on E 13d, E 21d, and at 7 days PH. Expression of IGF-IR in liver increased gradually in the former stages of the embryonic development, reaching its highest point on E 21d, and then declined up until 7 days PH. The expression pattern of IGFBP-3 gene was similar to that of IGF-IR gene, increasing significantly from E 17d. The expression peak appeared on E 25d, then declined significantly just prior to hatching (day 27) and was followed by an increase at 7 days PH. In general, the expression level of IGF-IR and IGFBP-3 genes in Jinding ducks was higher than that in Gaoyou ducks. Inverse relationships were observed for the expression of IGF-I and IGF-IR, and IGF-I and IGFBP-3, whereas a positive relationship was observed for the expression of IGF-IR and IGFBP-3. Our data indicate a differential expression of selected genes that comprise the IGF system in the duck liver tissue during embryonic and early PH growth and development.     

斑马鱼Fbxl5基因多克隆抗体的制备与检测

Fbxl5为F-box基因家族的一员,目前研究发现其与心脏的发育有关。为了在斑马鱼模型中进一步研究该基因的功能,有必要制备其多克隆抗体。通过桥式PCR扩增出亲水性和特异性均好的斑马鱼Fbxl5基因片段,将其克隆入表达载体pET-28a,转化至大肠杆菌Rosseta中。用IPTG诱导Fbxl5重组质粒得到His-Fbxl5的融合蛋白。这个融合蛋白用Ni-IDA凝胶柱亲和纯化,将纯化的His-Fbxl5融合蛋白免疫新西兰大白兔制备多克隆抗体。使用Western Blot检测,获得了Fbxl5原核表达重组融合蛋白及高效价的特异性兔抗Fbxl5多克隆抗体。随后检测了Fbxl5在斑马鱼胚胎和成体组织中蛋白的表达,通过基因芯片分析在Fbxl5-MO和Std胚胎样品的mRNA含量差异.所得结果显示获得了较高效价和特异性好的斑马鱼Fbxl5多克隆抗体,为Fbxl5功能的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

江苏野生珊瑚菜生存现状及其灭绝原因探析

主要介绍了江苏濒危植物珊瑚菜的特征特性、生存现状.江苏沿海野生珊瑚菜种群被证实已灭绝,并探析了其灭绝的原因,为内在因素和外在因素的结合,但人为的外在因素对其生存的影响是致命性的.呼吁保护环境以拯救其它濒临灭绝的物种.