Genetic basis and breeding application of clonal diversity and dual reproduction modes in polyploid Carassius auratus gibelio

A unisexual species is generally associated with polyploidy, and reproduced by a unisexual reproduction mode, such as gyno- genesis, hybridogenesis or parthenogenesis. Compared with other unisexual and polyploid species, gibel carp (Carassius au- ratus gibelio) has a higher ploidy level of hexaploid. It has undergone several successive rounds of genome polyploidy, and experienced an additional, more recent genome duplication event. More significantly, the dual reproduction modes, including gynogenesis and s...     

肿瘤新生血管及分子靶向治疗新策略

肿瘤血管靶向治疗是基于肿瘤新生血管与正常血管的不同,药物专一识别并阻断肿瘤新生血管,使肿瘤细胞“饿死”,而不影响正常细胞。从1971年Folkman提出“饿死肿瘤”的假说到2004年第一个血管靶向药物上市,记载着30多年领域发展的传奇经历。当今,肿瘤血管已成为生物医学和临床研究的热点,新的发现层出不穷。该文重点介绍肿瘤血管新靶点、新机制、新药物与未来发展。     

微流控技术对细胞微环境的模拟及应用研究

细胞微环境是一个多因素组成的、时空可变的复杂集合,对细胞的行为和功能发挥起着决定性作用。但传统的细胞生物学研究方法很难在体外为细胞提供这样一个复杂的、微尺度的生长环境,致使许多体外研究结果与在体情况相差甚远。近年来,微流控技术与细胞培养技术的结合为细胞微环境的模拟和控制提供了可能。文章通过提炼微环境的重要参数及其特征,介绍微流控技术是如何满足这些参数的需求,探讨了微流控技术在体外模拟细胞微环境的可行性,并总结了近年来该技术在微环境体外模拟研究中取得的成果,对微流控技术在细胞微环境构建中的发展方向和应用前景进行了展望。     

围产期食物限制对子代成年大鼠海马CA1区突触可塑性的影响

围产期食物限制导致子代大鼠学习和记忆能力等的神经生物学变化,但其机制并不清楚。将成年Wistar雌性大鼠与雄性大鼠同笼,受孕后随机分为对照组 (n=9) 和食物限制组 (n=8) 。对照组母鼠在妊娠期和哺乳期自由进食和饮水,食物限制组母鼠从妊娠的第7天到子代大鼠出生后21天进行食物限制,食物限制量为对照组大鼠的50%。子代雄性大鼠成年后,通过Morris 水迷宫测试空间学习和记忆能力。之后,在海马CA1区在体记录场兴奋性突触后电位 (field excitatory postsynaptic potential,fEPSP),并采用免疫组织化学方法观察海马CA1区神经元型一氧化氮合酶 (nNOS) 阳性细胞密度的变化。结果表明,围产期食物限制降低了子代大鼠出生后第1、7、10、14和21天的体重,并减弱了成年子代大鼠的学习和记忆能力,海马CA1区fEPSP的斜率和nNOS阳性细胞的密度也明显降低。结果提示,围产期食物限制可能通过抑制NO的产生降低了海马突触可塑性,从而影响了子代大鼠的学习和记忆能力。     

Geographic Distribution of Staphylococcus aureus Causing Invasive Infections in Europe: A Molecular-Epidemiological Analysis

Background

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important human pathogens and methicillin-resistant variants (MRSAs) are a major cause of hospital and community-acquired infection. We aimed to map the geographic distribution of the dominant clones that cause invasive infections in Europe.

Methods and Findings

In each country, staphylococcal reference laboratories secured the participation of a sufficient number of hospital laboratories to achieve national geo-demographic representation. Participating laboratories collected successive methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) and MRSA isolates from patients with invasive S. aureus infection using an agreed protocol. All isolates were sent to the respective national reference laboratories and characterised by quality-controlled sequence typing of the variable region of the staphylococcal spa gene (spa typing), and data were uploaded to a central database. Relevant genetic and phenotypic information was assembled for interactive interrogation by a purpose-built Web-based mapping application. Between September 2006 and February 2007, 357 laboratories serving 450 hospitals in 26 countries collected 2,890 MSSA and MRSA isolates from patients with invasive S. aureus infection. A wide geographical distribution of spa types was found with some prevalent in all European countries. MSSA were more diverse than MRSA. Genetic diversity of MRSA differed considerably between countries with dominant MRSA spa types forming distinctive geographical clusters. We provide evidence that a network approach consisting of decentralised typing and visualisation of aggregated data using an interactive mapping tool can provide important information on the dynamics of MRSA populations such as early signalling of emerging strains, cross border spread, and importation by travel.

Conclusions

In contrast to MSSA, MRSA spa types have a predominantly regional distribution in Europe. This finding is indicative of the selection and spread of a limited number of clones within health care networks, suggesting that control efforts aimed at interrupting the spread within and between health care institutions may not only be feasible but ultimately successful and should therefore be strongly encouraged. Please see later in the article for the Editors'' Summary     

UK~(37)沉积地层记录:三门湾海表温度(SST)和EI Nio现象及其对大型底栖动物生命活动的影响

应用UK37估算三门湾(1916~2003年)表层海水温度,SST波动范围在15.97~18.00℃之间,年平均为17.03℃,此计算值比当年实测海水全年平均温度低3.52℃,与秋季海水实测温度相接近。研究显示出,三门湾的EI Nio事件在大尺度上与东太平洋一样,均受制于气候影响因素,但在变化尺度上又受到地理位置和地方性气候(季风)的影响,事件在形式和年代上相互对应,但其颤动幅度远不如东太平洋强烈。同时通过比较EI Nio期间(2003/2002)和非EI Nio期间(2006/2005)大型底栖生物的群落结构变动信号、生物量、栖息密度以及物种多样性等,研究显示出三门湾若干大型底栖生物对EI Nio事件产生响应迹象,若干大型底栖生物对EI Ni o的响应主要是通过海洋环流的影响来体现生命和生态效应的,主要表现在改变了底栖生物种类数和多样性、以及生命活动及栖息密度分布模式。在EI Nio影响下,台湾暖流入侵势力加强,2003/2002年底栖生物群落种类数减少与海流入侵及盐度密切相关;通过与同海域浮游动物对比研究,三门湾海域浮游动物和底栖生物对EI Nio的生态响应均较大,前者可能与三门湾海域水域较浅,外海暖水从底部入侵改变水温和盐度,直接影响底栖生物的生态环境,致使种类数大大减少有关;而后者由于入侵暖水强度增大,携带大量暖水性浮游动物,呈现出在EI Nio时期浮游动物种类数、生物量和丰度有偏高趋势。     

Genetic Relationships Among Five Basic Genomes St,E,A,B and D in Triticeae Revealed by Genomic Southern and in situ Hybridization

The St and E are two important basic genomes in the perennial tribe Triticeae (Poaceae). They exist in many perennialspecies and are very closely related to the A, B and D genomes of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Genomic Southernhybridization and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) were used to analyze the genomic relationships between the twogenomes (St and E) and the three basic genomes (A, B and D) of T. aestivum. The semi-quantitative analysis of the Southernhybridization suggested that both St and E genomes are most closely related to the D genome, then the A genome, andrelatively distant to the B genome. GISH analysis using St and E genomic DNA as probes further confirmed the conclusion.St and E are the two basic genomes of Thinopyrum ponticum (StStE~eE~bE~x) and Th. intermedium (StE~eE~b), two perennialspecies successfully used in wheat improvement. Therefore, this paper provides a possible answer as to why most of thespontaneous wheat-Thinopyrum translocations and substitutions usually happen in the D genome, some in the A genomeand rarely in the B genome. This would develop further use of alien species for wheat improvement, especially thosecontaining St or E in their genome components.     

沙门菌黏附和侵袭肠黏膜细胞的分子基础

沙门菌是目前研究较多的细菌之一,广泛存在于脊椎动物的肠道和很多种类的节肢动物中。本文介绍了沙门菌黏附和侵袭肠黏膜细胞的分子基础,为进一步深入研究沙门菌的致病机制提供一定的理论依据。     

西藏台错古湖晚第四纪轮藻类及其生态环境、气候变化探讨

西藏台错TT-1剖面厚369 cm,为一套碳酸盐粘土和粘土碳酸盐沉积,地层测年为41.4-4.5 ka,含丰富的轮藻化石,分属于11个轮藻植物群,群落所在地层的碳酸盐和钙质含量分别为80％和33％.从老到新(剖面自下而上):①41.4-26.64 ka(369-319 cm),处于末次冰期间冰阶MIS3a暖期,湖区气候...     

镉胁迫对拟南芥的毒害作用及自噬现象的观测

镉离子(Cd2+)具有强植物毒性,可抑制植物生长,甚至导致植物死亡。为了研究重金属镉对拟南芥的毒害作用,采用叶绿素荧光技术、流式细胞技术、激光共聚焦技术及半定量RT-PCR技术,检测光合参数的变化、活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的累积、自噬的发生,以及病原相关蛋白(pathogenesis-related protein,PR)基因表达的变化。实验结果显示,随着50μmol/L CdCl2处理时间的延长,ROS和Cd2+在细胞中大量积累。而在镉胁迫的初期,会观察到自噬的发生及PR基因表达的变化。说明植物受到外界Cd2+作用的初期,会通过自噬及增强PR基因表达来抵抗外界胁迫。但随着处理时间的延长,植物细胞内累积了大量的ROS和Cd2+,当植物不足以通过自噬途径抵抗胁迫时,就会导致生长受阻,最终对光合系统造成损伤。