Improved ethanol production from xylose with glucose isomerase and Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the respiratory inhibitor azide

Summary Ethanol was produced from xylose, using the enzyme glucose isomerase (xylose isomerase) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The influence of aeration, pH, enzyme concentration, cell mass and the concentration of the respiratory inhibitor sodium azide on the production of ethanol and the formation of by-products was investigated. Anaerobic conditions at pH 6.0, 10 g/l enzyme, 75 g/l dry weight cell mass and 4.6 mM sodium azide were found to be optimal. Under these conditions theoretical yields of ethanol were obtained from 42 g/l xylose within 24 hours.In a fed-batch culture, 62 g/l ethanol was produced from 127 g/l xylose with a yield of 0.49 and a productivity of 1.35 g/l·h.     

Metabolism of chloroguaiacols by Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus

Summary A polychlorophenol degrader, Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus, was shown to metabolize five different chlorinated guaiacols, namely tetrachloroguaiacol, 3,4,6-trichloroguaiacol, 3,5,6-trichloroguaiacol, 3,5-dichloroguaiacol and 3,6-dichloroguaiacol. Seven different intermediate metabolites, each with three hydroxyl or methoxyl groups, were identified. Four of these metabolites were also dehalogenation products, three carrying one chlorine atom less than the parent compound, and one metabolite from tetrachloroguaiacol where two chlorine atoms had been removed. Tetrachloroguaiacol was shown to undergo reductive dehalogenation. Demethylation of guaiacol to catechol was observed with the dichloroguaiacols, but not with polychloroguaiacols.Abbreviations DCG dichloroguaiacol - TCG trichloroguaiacol - TeCG tetrachloroguaiacol - DCC dichlorocatechol - TCC trichlorocatechol - TeCC tetrachlorocatechol - TCP trichlorophenol - TeCP tetrachlorophenol - PCP pentachlorophenol. An example of numeration - 346-TCG 3,4,6-trichloroguaiacol - GLC gas liquid chromatography     

Serolis luethjei n.sp., a new isopod crustacean from the Weddell Sea

Summary The spatial distribution and size-dependence of oxygen consumption (respiration) and production by microplankton in near surface waters of the Canadian Arctic were measured during summer, 1983. High oxygen flux rates (consumption and production) were observed near surface (upper 20–30 m) and were generally associated with high phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a) levels. A substantial portion of the respiration (>50%), however, was below the euphotic zone. Integrated oxygen fluxes (0–100 m) were approximately in balance (i.e., net oxygen production 0) at most locations sampled. In general, oxygen fluxes were higher than have been observed in the Southern Ocean but in the same range as found in temperate coastal waters. Size-fractionation studies showed that most (>60%) of the oxygen production and phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a) were associated with organisms greater than 35 m. On the other hand, more than 70% of the respiration was associated with organisms less than 35 m; on average, more than 50% of the respiration was associated with organisms less than 1 m. These results are consistent with theoretical studies and with experimental observations from temperate waters.     

Light-temperature interactions in the control of photosynthesis in Antarctic phytoplankton

Summary During October/November 1983 photosynthetic responses of natural phytoplankton from the Scotia Sea and Bransfield strait to light and temperature were examined in incubators. Both assimilation numbers at saturating light levels and the slopes of the light-limited portions of the photosynthesis versus irradiance curves were smaller than in algae from lower latitudes. However, both parameters increased significantly with rising temperatures. Light-saturated photosynthesis on the average exhibited a Q₁₀-value of ca. 4.2 between-1.5°C and +2°C. Light-limited photosynthesis between-1.5°C and +5°C rose at a rate corresponding to a Q₁₀-value of roughly 2.6. Above +5°C, temperature enhancement of both light-saturated and light-limited photosynthetic rates was minimal or absent. Our results suggest that under extremely low temperatures light-limited photosynthetic rates become temperature-dependent due to changes in maximum quantum yields.     

Polymorphism and distribution of Ceratoserolis trilobitoides (Eights, 1833) (Crustacea,Isopoda) in the Weddell Sea and synonymy with C. cornuta (Studer, 1879)

Summary A rich collection of Ceratoserolis trilobitoides from the Antarctic Peninsula and the western and southern Weddell Sea is evaluated to describe the polymorphism and variations of the pigmentation. The species is very variable, though local populations show a relatively homogenous morphology. Transitional forms connect different morphotypes. Presumably the relative immobility of these animals, together with low fecundity and geographical or hydrographical barriers are responsible for the evolution of local races. C. cornuta and the colour-spcies of Cals (1977) are synonymized with C. trilobitoides.     

α-1,4-glucan phosphorylase forms from leaves of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)

Peptide patterns and immunological properties of the cytoplasmic and chloroplastic -1,4-glucan phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) from spinach leaves have been studied and were compared with those of phosphorylases from other sources. The two spinach leaf phosphorylases were immunologically different; a limited cross-reactivity was observed only at high antigen or antibody concentrations. Peptide mapping of the two enzymes resulted in complex patterns composed of more than 20 fragments; but no peptide was electrophoretically identical in both proteins. Approximately 13 to 15 of the fragments exhibited antigeneity but no cross-reactivity of any peptide was observed. Therefore, the two compartment-specific phosphorylase forms from spinach leaves represent isoenzymes possessing different primary structures. Peptide patterns of potato tuber and rabbit muscle phosphorylase were different from those of the two spinach leaf enzymes. Although the potato tuber phosphorylase resides in the plastidic compartment and is kinetically closely related to the chloroplastic spinach enzyme, it reacted more strongly with the anti-cytoplasmic-phosphorylase immunoglobulin G. Similar results were obtained with rabbit muscle phosphorylase. These observations support the assumption that the chloroplast-specific phosphorylase isoenzyme has a higher structural diversity than does the cytoplasmic counterpart.Abbreviations EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid - Hepes 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid - PEG polyethylene glycol (approx. MW 8000) I=Schächtele and Steup 1986     

Intracellular localisation of phytochrome in oat coleoptiles by electron microscopy

We have analysed the intracellular localisation of phytochrome in oat coleoptile cells by electron microscopy and confirm and extend light-microscopical findings of previous authors. We used indirect immuno-labeling with polyclonal antibodies against 60-KDa phytochrome from etiolated oat seedlings, and a gold-coupled second antibody, on ultrathin sections of LR-white-embedded material. In dark-grown seedlings, phytochrome-labeling is distributed diffusely throughout the cytoplasm. Organelles and membranes are not labeled. After photoconversion of the red-absorbing form of phytochrome to the far-red absorbing form (Pfr) (5-min red light; 660 nm), the label is sequestered uniquely in electron-dense areas within the cytoplasm. These areas are irregularly shaped, are often located in the vicinity of the vacuole, are not surrounded by a membrane, exclude cellular organelles and ribosomes and are not found in dark-grown material; an immediate 5-min farred light pulse after the red light does not cause these structures to disappear. After a dark period of 3–4 h following red-light irradiation, these electron-dense structures disappear together with any specific labeling. We suggest a Pfr-induced aggregation of an unknown, phytochrome-binding protein or proteins.Abbreviations Pr and Pfr phytochrome in its red and far-red absorbing form, respectively     

The cytoskeleton of Cobaea seed hairs:

The cell wall of Cobaea scandens seed hairs developed in a characteristic sequence, with the deposition of a cellulose thread onto a pectic swelling layer was the final event. The cellulose thread was intracellularly accompanied by a band of 10–18 microtubules. During the formation of the swelling layer the microtubules were homogeneously distributed; they ran circumferentially normal to the cell axis. When cellulose-thread formation started, the microtubules became arranged in a helical band. The density of the microtubules varied during the different phases of development. The highest density was observed before cellulosethread formation and ranged from 6–15 m·m^-2. The length of the microtubules, 20–30 m, was determined by direct measurements, as well as estimated from the total microtubular length in a given area and the counted free ends. With the indirect immunofluorescence technique the microtubules of the band stained inhomogeneously. Those which were located at the edges of the band fluoresced more intensely than those of the central part. Attempts to visualize actin filaments in the hair cells with rhodaminyl-conjugated phalloidin resulted in a homogeneous staining of the area of the microtubular band, indicating that actin filaments may be present in this region. Though, in thin sections and dry-cleaved cells, filamentous structures were observed between the microtubules, caution is expressed that the observed fluorescence was, indeed, due to actin filaments. The role of the filamentous structures is discussed with respect to formation and maintenance of the microtubular band. Microtubules apparently did not cross coated pits which were visualized in the plasma membrane through the dry-cleaving technique.Abbreviations IFT indirect immunofluorescence technique - RP rhodaminyl-conjugated phalloidin - SEM scanning electron microscopy     

Fluorescent energy transfer measurements on fluorescein isothiocyanate modified cytochrome P-450 LM2

The distance between the heme iron and the N-terminus of cytochrome P-450 LM2 was determined by fluorescence energy transfer measurements. Fluorescein isothiocyanate which was covalently bound to the N-terminal methionine was used as donor chromophor. The Ro value between fluorescein isothiocyanate and the heme was calculated to be 3.98 nm. The distance between the nitrogen of the N-terminal methionine and the heme was estimated with 2.84 +/- 0.23 nm excluding most likely the N-terminal amino acid of cytochrome P-450 LM2 to participate in the electron transfer to the heme iron. A cytochrome P-450 LM2 membrane model is proposed.     

Receptor-mediated particle uptake by liver macrophages. The galactose-particle receptor mediates uptake via coated and also non-coated structures

The endocytosis pathways of particles with terminal beta-D-galactosyl groups were studied in isolated rat Kupffer cells by electron microscopy. Colloidal gold particles of sizes 5, 17 and 50 nm were coated with asialofetuin (ASF) and isolated liver macrophages were allowed to bind (at 4 degrees C) or take up (at 37 degrees C) these ligands. Particles of all three sizes were bound via the galactose-particle receptor as shown by carbohydrate inhibition experiments and were ingested effectively. But, whereas ASF-gold particles of sizes 5 and 17 nm are taken up via the coated pit/coated vesicle pathway, the 50 nm particles are not. These enter the cell via non-coated endocytic vacuoles. All three particle sizes are transported to the same lysosomal compartment. These observations demonstrate that at least in macrophages one receptor is capable to mediate endocytosis via two different pathways depending on ligand size and/or valency.