LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN XANTHIUM INDUCED BY GIBBERELLIC ACID

One application of gibberellic acid (GA₃) to Xanthium shoots resulted in an initial large stimulation, followed by inhibition, of internode elongation. After presumed translocation of the hormone from the locus of its application to the stem apex several morphological changes were observed. There was a significant increase in number of mitotic figures in the apical meristem and a twofold increase in volume of the apical dome. With time, the rate of leaf production was accelerated about 1.8 times. The phyllotaxis of leaf primordia initiated under the influence of GA:, changed from a (2, 3) contact parastichy pattern in control shoot to a (3, 5) pattern. Final petiole length was smaller than the control, and the absolute rate of lamina expansion decreased under prolonged treatment. Gibberellic acid had a pronounced effect on leaf morphology. GA_a induced the development of lanceolate leaves instead of typical deltoid leaves. The reduction in leaf area coincided with a 32% reduction in the average area of epidermal cells. Plastochron changes were correlated with anatomical and morphological changes during the course of leaf development.     

The effect of different anamnesis during ontogeny on higher nervous activity in rats.

The consequences of malnutrition, experimental experience and sensory deprivation during early postnatal life were investigated in adult rats. The higher nervous activity of experimental animals was evaluated by means of a battery of tests (exploratory activity, avoidance reaction, preference of a small chamber and a water maze). Rats were divided into 5 groups, i. e. control, trained (with previous experimental experience), light deprived, malnourished naive (12-14 animals in the litter) and malnourished trained. From experimental data obtained it may be concluded that the level of nutrition as well as sensory deprivation or additional stimulation during development are important factors the influence of which persists and modifies the somatic development and the higher nervous activity in adult animals. Light deprived and malnourished rats showed retarded somatic development and worse parameters of higher nervous activity. The difference between groups could be altered by augmented stimulation. Previous experimental experience and intensive handling seems to be an important factor which influences the higher nervous activity of experimental animals.     

Isolating the influence of ontogeny helps predict island-wide variability in fish otolith chemistry

Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries - For marine fishes of commercial interest, defining how individuals vary in certain attributes, through ontogeny, and across space and time, can help expose...     

Visual-vestibular convergence in the vestibular nuclei of the cat

Responses from neurons of the vestibular nuclei were recorded in N₂O-anaesthetized cats. Most neurons in the rostral parts of the nuclei responded to bimodal visual-vestibular stimulation, following a trapezoidal velocity profile. Both combinations of the two stimuli were tested: rotation of the animal with stationary visual field and rotation with overtaking visual field, i.e. the visual pattern running in the same direction as the turntable with twice the velocity. Some correlation of physiological data with results in corresponding psychophysical experiments were found. As a possible biological function of visual-vestibular convergence a phylogenetic solution for discrimination of body and outer world movement is discussed.     

Biochemical changes in 24-month-old Wistar rats

Biogenic amines in pons and striatum have been dosed in twenty-four months old Wistar male rats. Choline acetyltransferase (CAT) and acetylcholine esterase (ACHesterase) activities, [3H] choline uptake by a synaptosomal preparation, [3H] quinuclidinyl benzylate (QNB) binding to muscarinic cholinergic receptors have been determined in hippocampus. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in plasma, in liver and in lungs and the characteristics of the skin collagen have been evaluated. Important differences are shown in comparison with three months old of the same strain animals.     

Genetic Mapping in the Lignin-Degrading Basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium

A method of meiotic segregation analysis based on recombinant selection in the homothallic basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium was developed. Using this method, we were able to reveal linkage relationships and to estimate recombination frequencies between seven mutations to auxotrophy. We detected two linkage groups, the first containing four and the second three of the seven mapped mutations.     

Can fossil fuel energy be recovered and used without any CO2 emissions to the atmosphere?

Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology - The world’s energy system is still dominated by fossil fuels. While there is a rapid reduction in the cost of renewable energy and the...     

Reduced caloric intake and periodic fasting independently contribute to metabolic effects of caloric restriction

Caloric restriction (CR) has positive effects on health and longevity. CR in mammals implements time‐restricted (TR) feeding, a short period of feeding followed by prolonged fasting. Periodic fasting, in the form of TR or mealtime, improves metabolism without reduction in caloric intake. In order to understand the relative contribution of reduced food intake and periodic fasting to the health benefits of CR, we compared physiological and metabolic changes induced by CR and TR (without reduced food intake) in mice. CR significantly reduced blood glucose and insulin around the clock, improved glucose tolerance, and increased insulin sensitivity (IS). TR reduced blood insulin and increased insulin sensitivity, but in contrast to CR, TR did not improve glucose homeostasis. Liver expression of circadian clock genes was affected by both diets while the mRNA expression of glucose metabolism genes was significantly induced by CR, and not by TR, which is in agreement with the minor effect of TR on glucose metabolism. Thus, periodic fasting contributes to some metabolic benefits of CR, but TR is metabolically different from CR. This difference might contribute to differential effects of CR and TR on longevity.     

Modulation of the Purine Pathway for Riboflavin Production in Flavinogenic Recombinant Strain of the Yeast Candida famata

Riboflavin (vitamin B₂) is an indispensable nutrient for humans and animals, since it is the precursor of the essential coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), involved in variety of metabolic reactions. Riboflavin is produced on commercial scale and is used for feed and food fortification purposes, and in medicine. Until recently, the mutant strains of the flavinogenic yeast Candida famata were used in industry for riboflavin production. Guanosine triphosphate is the immediate precursor of riboflavin synthesis. Therefore, the activation of metabolic flux toward purine nucleotide biosynthesis is a promising approach to improve riboflavin production. The phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase are the rate limiting enzymes in purine biosynthesis. Corresponding genes PRS3 and ADE4 from yeast Debaryomyces hansenii are modified to avoid feedback inhibition and cooverexpressed on the background of a previously constructed riboflavin overproducing strain of C. famata. Constructed strain accumulates twofold more riboflavin when compared to the parental strain.