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11.
Background
In addition to known protein-coding genes, large amounts of apparently non-coding sequence are conserved between the human and mouse genomes. It seems reasonable to assume that these conserved regions are more likely to contain functional elements than less-conserved portions of the genome. 相似文献12.
We present the results of a full year of high-resolution monitoring of hydrologic event-driven export of stream dissolved organic matter (DOM) from the forested Bigelow Brook watershed in Harvard Forest, Massachusetts, USA. A combination of in situ fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) measurement, grab samples, and bioassays was utilized. FDOM was identified as a strong indicator of concentration for dissolved organic carbon (DOC, r 2 = 0.96), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON, r 2 = 0.81), and bioavailable DOC (BDOC, r 2 = 0.81). Relationships between FDOM and concentration were utilized to improve characterization of patterns of hydrological event-driven export and the quantification of annual export. This characterization was possible because DOM composition remained relatively consistent seasonally; however, a subtle shift to increased fluorescence per unit absorbance was observed for summer and fall seasons and percent BDOC did increase slightly with increasing concentrations. The majority of export occurred during pulsed hydrological events, so the greatest impact of bioavailable exports may be on downstream aquatic ecosystems. Export from individual events was highly seasonal in nature with the highest flow weighted mean concentrations (DOCFW) being observed in late summer and fall months, but the highest total export being observed for larger winter storms. Seasonal trends in DOC export coincide with weather driven changes in surface and subsurface flow paths, potential for depletion and rebuilding of a flushable soil organic matter pool, and the availability of terrestrial carbon sources such as leaf litter. Our approach and findings demonstrate the utility of high frequency FDOM measurement to improve estimates of intra-annual temporal trends of DOM export. 相似文献
13.
van Dijken JP Bauer J Brambilla L Duboc P Francois JM Gancedo C Giuseppin ML Heijnen JJ Hoare M Lange HC Madden EA Niederberger P Nielsen J Parrou JL Petit T Porro D Reuss M van Riel N Rizzi M Steensma HY Verrips CT Vindeløv J Pronk JT 《Enzyme and microbial technology》2000,26(9-10):706-714
To select a Saccharomyces cerevisiae reference strain amenable to experimental techniques used in (molecular) genetic, physiological and biochemical engineering research, a variety of properties were studied in four diploid, prototrophic laboratory strains. The following parameters were investigated: 1) maximum specific growth rate in shake-flask cultures; 2) biomass yields on glucose during growth on defined media in batch cultures and steady-state chemostat cultures under controlled conditions with respect to pH and dissolved oxygen concentration; 3) the critical specific growth rate above which aerobic fermentation becomes apparent in glucose-limited accelerostat cultures; 4) sporulation and mating efficiency; and 5) transformation efficiency via the lithium-acetate, bicine, and electroporation methods. On the basis of physiological as well as genetic properties, strains from the CEN.PK family were selected as a platform for cell-factory research on the stoichiometry and kinetics of growth and product formation. 相似文献
14.
Luaine Bandounas Nick JP Wierckx Johannes H de Winde Harald J Ruijssenaars 《BMC biotechnology》2011,11(1):1-11
Background
The number of biotransformations that use nicotinamide recycling systems is exponentially growing. For this reason one of the current challenges in biocatalysis is to develop and optimize more simple and efficient cofactor recycling systems. One promising approach to regenerate NAD+ pools is the use of NADH-oxidases that reduce oxygen to hydrogen peroxide while oxidizing NADH to NAD+. This class of enzymes may be applied to asymmetric reduction of prochiral substrates in order to obtain enantiopure compounds.Results
The NADH-oxidase (NOX) presented here is a flavoenzyme which needs exogenous FAD or FMN to reach its maximum velocity. Interestingly, this enzyme is 6-fold hyperactivated by incubation at high temperatures (80°C) under limiting concentrations of flavin cofactor, a change that remains stable even at low temperatures (37°C). The hyperactivated form presented a high specific activity (37.5 U/mg) at low temperatures despite isolation from a thermophile source. Immobilization of NOX onto agarose activated with glyoxyl groups yielded the most stable enzyme preparation (6-fold more stable than the hyperactivated soluble enzyme). The immobilized derivative was able to be reactivated under physiological conditions after inactivation by high solvent concentrations. The inactivation/reactivation cycle could be repeated at least three times, recovering full NOX activity in all cases after the reactivation step. This immobilized catalyst is presented as a recycling partner for a thermophile alcohol dehydrogenase in order to perform the kinetic resolution secondary alcohols.Conclusion
We have designed, developed and characterized a heterogeneous and robust biocatalyst which has been used as recycling partner in the kinetic resolution of rac-1-phenylethanol. The high stability along with its capability to be reactivated makes this biocatalyst highly re-useable for cofactor recycling in redox biotransformations. 相似文献15.
Cassava is infected by numerous geminiviruses in Africa and India that cause devastating losses to poor farmers. We here describe the molecular diversity of seven representative cassava mosaic geminiviruses (CMGs) infecting cassava from multiple locations in Tanzania. We report for the first time the presence of two isolates in East Africa: (EACMCV-[TZ1] and EACMCV-[TZ7]) of the species East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus, originally described in West Africa. The complete nucleotide sequence of EACMCV-[TZ1] DNA-A and DNA-B components shared a high overall sequence identity to EACMCV-[CM] components (92% and 84%). The EACMCV-[TZ1] and -[TZ7] genomic components have recombinations in the same genome regions reported in EACMCV-[CM], but they also have additional recombinations in both components. Evidence from sequence analysis suggests that the two strains have the same ancient origin and are not recent introductions. EACMCV-[TZ1] occurred widely in the southern part of the country. Four other CMG isolates were identified: two were close to the EACMV-Kenya strain (named EACMV-[KE/TZT] and EACMV-[KE/TZM] with 96% sequence identity); one isolate, TZ10, had 98% homology to EACMV-UG2Svr and was named EACMV-UG2 [TZ10]; and finally one isolate was 95% identical to EACMV-[TZ] and named EACMV-[TZ/YV]. One isolate of African cassava mosaic virus with 97% sequence identity with other isolates of ACMV was named ACMV-[TZ]. It represents the first ACMV isolate from Tanzania to be sequenced. The molecular variability of CMGs was also evaluated using partial B component nucleotide sequences of 13 EACMV isolates from Tanzania. Using the sequences of all CMGs currently available, we have shown the presence of a number of putative recombination fragments that are more prominent in all components of EACMV than in ACMV. This new knowledge about the molecular CMG diversity in East Africa, and in Tanzania in particular, has led us to hypothesize about the probable importance of this part of Africa as a source of diversity and evolutionary change both during the early stages of the relationship between CMGs and cassava and in more recent times. The existence of multiple CMG isolates with high DNA genome diversity in Tanzania and the molecular forces behind this diversity pose a threat to cassava production throughout the African continent. 相似文献
16.
Estimation of urinary cotinine cut-off points distinguishing non-smokers, passive and active smokers
Wioleta Zielińska-Danch W?adys?aw Wardas Andrzej Sobczak Izabela Szo?tysek-Bo?dys 《Biomarkers》2007,12(5):484-496
An objective assessment of exposure to tobacco smoke may be accomplished by means of examining particular biomarkers in body fluids. The most common biomarker of tobacco smoke exposure is urinary, or serum, cotinine. In order to distinguish non-smokers from passive smokers and passive smokers from active smokers, it is necessary to estimate cotinine cut-off points. The objective of this article was to apply statistical distribution of urinary cotinine concentration to estimate cut-off points distinguishing the three above-mentioned groups. The examined group consisted of 327 volunteers (187 women and 140 men) who were ethnically homogenous inhabitants of the same urban agglomeration (Sosnowiec, Poland). The values which enabled differentiation of the examined population into groups and subgroups were as follows: 50 µg l-1 (differentiation of non-smokers from passive smokers), 170 µg l-1 (to divide the group of passive smokers into two subgroups: minimally and highly exposed to environmental tobacco smoke), 550 µg l-1 (differentiation of passive smokers from active smokers), and 2100 µg l-1 (to divide group of active smokers into two subgroups: minimally and highly exposed to tobacco smoke). The results suggest that statistical distribution of urinary cotinine concentration is useful for estimating urinary cotinine cut-off points and for assessing the smoking status of persons exposed to tobacco smoke. 相似文献
17.
Arabidopsis HIPP27 is a host susceptibility gene for the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
Zoran S. Radakovic Muhammad Shahzad Anjam Elizabeth Escobar Divykriti Chopra Javier Cabrera Ana Cláudia Silva Carolina Escobar Miroslaw Sobczak Florian M. W. Grundler Shahid Siddique 《Molecular Plant Pathology》2018,19(8):1917-1928
Sedentary plant‐parasitic cyst nematodes are obligate biotrophs that infect the roots of their host plant. Their parasitism is based on the modification of root cells to form a hypermetabolic syncytium from which the nematodes draw their nutrients. The aim of this study was to identify nematode susceptibility genes in Arabidopsis thaliana and to characterize their roles in supporting the parasitism of Heterodera schachtii. By selecting genes that were most strongly upregulated in response to cyst nematode infection, we identified HIPP27 (HEAVY METAL‐ASSOCIATED ISOPRENYLATED PLANT PROTEIN 27) as a host susceptibility factor required for beet cyst nematode infection and development. Detailed expression analysis revealed that HIPP27 is a cytoplasmic protein and that HIPP27 is strongly expressed in leaves, young roots and nematode‐induced syncytia. Loss‐of‐function Arabidopsis hipp27 mutants exhibited severely reduced susceptibility to H. schachtii and abnormal starch accumulation in syncytial and peridermal plastids. Our results suggest that HIPP27 is a susceptibility gene in Arabidopsis whose loss of function reduces plant susceptibility to cyst nematode infection without increasing the susceptibility to other pathogens or negatively affecting the plant phenotype. 相似文献
18.
Anna Gawron-Skarbek Anna Prymont-Przymińska Agnieszka Sobczak Agnieszka Guligowska Tomasz Kostka Dariusz Nowak 《Redox report : communications in free radical research》2018,23(1):57-62
Objectives: As plasma and salivary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) is mainly contributed by uric acid (UA), the present study measures non-urate TAC (Nu-TAC). The aim of the study was to correlate plasma native TAC, Nu-TAC and UA with their salivary analogues, and compare the UA contribution in both body fluids using two different methods.Methods: The study involved 55 middle-aged and older subjects (66.7?±?4.5 years). TAC was determined simultaneously with two methods (ferric reducing ability of plasma – FRAP, 2.2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl – DPPH and countertypes for saliva – FRAS and DPPHS test), with and without UA (native TAC and Nu-TAC, respectively). Plasma UA and salivary UA (SUA) were assessed.Results: Subjects with increased FRAP, DPPH and UA had higher FRAS, DPPHS and SUA, respectively (P?0.05). Plasma Nu-TAC indices did not correlate with salivary Nu-TAC. The contribution of UA to the plasma and salivary DPPH tests was similar: 75.7?±?10.3% and 75.2?±?14.0%, respectively. However, the contribution of UA to FRAS was higher than that for FRAP (71.6?±?13.9% vs. 64.0?±?8.1%; P?0.001).Discussion: Our findings suggest that saliva is a good predictor for native plasma TAC but not for Nu-TAC. UA level is comparably dominant in saliva and in plasma according to DPPH, but lower in plasma according to FRAP. 相似文献
19.
Recent reports on the three-dimensional structure of secondary transporters have dramatically increased our knowledge of the translocation mechanism of ions and solutes. The structures of five transporters at atomic resolution have yielded four different folds and as many different translocation mechanisms. The structure of the glutamate transporter homologue GltPh confirmed the role of pore-loop structures as essential parts of the translocation mechanism in one family of secondary transporters. Biochemical evidence for pore-loop structures in several other families suggest that they might be common in secondary transporters, adding to the structural and mechanistic diversity of secondary transporters. 相似文献
20.
Margaret?O?Nwagwu Helen?Baines Jeffrey?B?Kerr Francis?JP?EblingEmail author 《Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E》2005,3(1):48