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AE Clarke S Bernatsky KH Costenbader MB Urowitz DD Gladman PR Fortin M Petri S Manzi DA Isenberg A Rahman D Wallace C Gordon C Peschken MA Dooley EM Ginzler C Aranow SM Edworthy O Nived S Jacobsen G Ruiz-Irastorza E Yelin SG Barr L Criswell G Sturfelt L Dreyer I Blanco L Gottesman CH Feldman R Ramsey-Goldman 《Arthritis research & therapy》2012,14(Z3):A16
53.
Thomas A. Richards Darren M. Soanes Peter G. Foster Guy Leonard Christopher R. Thornton Nicholas J. Talbot 《The Plant cell》2009,21(7):1897-1911
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) describes the transmission of genetic material across species boundaries and is an important evolutionary phenomenon in the ancestry of many microbes. The role of HGT in plant evolutionary history is, however, largely unexplored. Here, we compare the genomes of six plant species with those of 159 prokaryotic and eukaryotic species and identify 1689 genes that show the highest similarity to corresponding genes from fungi. We constructed a phylogeny for all 1689 genes identified and all homolog groups available from the rice (Oryza sativa) genome (3177 gene families) and used these to define 14 candidate plant-fungi HGT events. Comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of these 14 data sets, using methods that account for site rate heterogeneity, demonstrated support for nine HGT events, demonstrating an infrequent pattern of HGT between plants and fungi. Five HGTs were fungi-to-plant transfers and four were plant-to-fungi HGTs. None of the fungal-to-plant HGTs involved angiosperm recipients. These results alter the current view of organismal barriers to HGT, suggesting that phagotrophy, the consumption of a whole cell by another, is not necessarily a prerequisite for HGT between eukaryotes. Putative functional annotation of the HGT candidate genes suggests that two fungi-to-plant transfers have added phenotypes important for life in a soil environment. Our study suggests that genetic exchange between plants and fungi is exceedingly rare, particularly among the angiosperms, but has occurred during their evolutionary history and added important metabolic traits to plant lineages. 相似文献
54.
Soanes DM Skinner W Keon J Hargreaves J Talbot NJ 《Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI》2002,15(5):421-427
Genomic resources available to researchers studying phytopathogenic fungi are limited. Here, we briefly review the genomic and bioinformatic resources available and the current status of fungal genomics. We also describe a relational database containing sequences of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from three phytopathogenic fungi, Blumeria graminis, Magnaporthe grisea, and Mycosphaerella graminicola, and the methods and underlying principles required for its construction. The database contains significant annotation for each EST sequence and is accessible at http://cogeme.ex.ac.uk. An easy-to-use interface allows the user to identify gene sequences by using simple text queries or homology searches. New querying functions and large sequence sets from a variety of phytopathogenic species will be incorporated in due course. 相似文献
55.
Soanes DM Kershaw MJ Cooley RN Talbot NJ 《Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI》2002,15(12):1253-1267
The hydrophobin-encoding gene MPG1 of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea is highly expressed during the initial stages of host plant infection and targeted deletion of the gene results in a mutant strain that is reduced in virulence, conidiation, and appressorium formation. The green fluorescent protein-encoding allele sGFP was used as a reporter to investigate regulatory genes that control MPG1 expression. The MAP kinase-encoding gene PMK1 and the wide domain regulators of nitrogen source utilization, NPR1 and NUT1, were required for full expression of MPG1 in response to starvation stress. The CPKA gene, encoding the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A, was required for repression of MPG1 during growth in rich nutrient conditions. During appressorium morphogenesis, high-level MPG1 expression was found to require the CPKA and NPR1 genes. Expression of a destabilized GFP allele indicated that de novo MPG1 expression occurs during appressorium formation. Three regions of the MPG1 promoter were identified which are required for high-level expression of MPG1 during appressorium formation and are necessary for the biological activity of the MPG1 hydrophobin during spore formation and plant infection. 相似文献
56.
Mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan: an extraordinary lipoheteroglycan with profound physiological effects 总被引:28,自引:1,他引:27
Detailed structural and functional studies over the last decade have led to
current recognition of the mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan (LAM) as a
phosphatidylinositol anchored lipoglycan with diverse biological
activities. Fatty acylation has been demonstrated to be essential for LAM
to maintain its functional integrity although the focus has largely been on
the arabinan motifs and the terminal capping function. It has recently been
shown that the mannose caps may be involved not only in attenuating host
immune response, but also in mediating the binding of mycobacteria to and
subsequent entry into macrophages. This may further be linked to an
intracellular trafficking pathway through which LAM is thought to be
presented by CD1 to subsets of T-cells. The implication of LAM as major
histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent T-cell epitope and the ensuing
immune response is an area of intensive studies. Another recent focus of
research is the biosynthesis of arabinan which has been shown to be
inhibitable by the anti- tuberculosis drug, ethambutol. The phenomenon of
truncated LAM as synthesized by ethambutol resistant strains provides an
invaluable handle for dissecting the array of arabinosyltransferases
involved, as well as generating much needed structural variants for further
structural and functional studies. It is hoped that with more systematic
investigations based on clinical isolates and human cell lines, the true
significance of LAM in the immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis and leprosy
can eventually be explained.
相似文献
57.
Antibodies reactive with the cytoplasmic membrane or intercellular areas of autologous human and monkey prostatic secretory epithelial cells have been demonstrated by immunofluorescence in an eluate prepared from prostatic tissue obtained from a patient with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate (CaP) after multiple cryotherapy of his primary prostatic tumour. While limited to the study of one patient, elution of anti-prostatic antibodies offers further documentation to previous studies pointing toward the participation of immunologic processes in CaP. 相似文献
58.
Kristin L Griffiths Jonathan KH Tan Helen C O'Neill 《Journal of cellular and molecular medicine》2014,18(9):1908-1912
The Gram‐negative bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a potent inflammatory mediator and a leading cause of bacterial sepsis. While LPS is known to activate antigen‐presenting cells, here we find that LPS down‐regulates expression of CD11c and CD11b on splenic dendritic cell subsets, thus confounding the ability to identify these subsets following treatment. This has implications with regard to tracking the response to LPS in terms of the cell subsets involved, and should be considered whenever such studies are undertaken. 相似文献
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