全文获取类型
收费全文 | 22253篇 |
免费 | 2085篇 |
国内免费 | 9篇 |
专业分类
24347篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 251篇 |
2021年 | 378篇 |
2020年 | 256篇 |
2019年 | 332篇 |
2018年 | 517篇 |
2017年 | 408篇 |
2016年 | 688篇 |
2015年 | 1076篇 |
2014年 | 1167篇 |
2013年 | 1376篇 |
2012年 | 1716篇 |
2011年 | 1607篇 |
2010年 | 1050篇 |
2009年 | 889篇 |
2008年 | 1253篇 |
2007年 | 1163篇 |
2006年 | 1053篇 |
2005年 | 923篇 |
2004年 | 974篇 |
2003年 | 832篇 |
2002年 | 723篇 |
2001年 | 435篇 |
2000年 | 401篇 |
1999年 | 331篇 |
1998年 | 197篇 |
1997年 | 182篇 |
1996年 | 136篇 |
1995年 | 135篇 |
1994年 | 136篇 |
1993年 | 126篇 |
1992年 | 211篇 |
1991年 | 219篇 |
1990年 | 198篇 |
1989年 | 202篇 |
1988年 | 185篇 |
1987年 | 171篇 |
1986年 | 167篇 |
1985年 | 154篇 |
1984年 | 132篇 |
1983年 | 104篇 |
1982年 | 100篇 |
1981年 | 104篇 |
1980年 | 99篇 |
1979年 | 113篇 |
1978年 | 114篇 |
1976年 | 99篇 |
1975年 | 104篇 |
1974年 | 107篇 |
1973年 | 97篇 |
1972年 | 75篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
131.
132.
Localization and characterization of members of a family of repetitive sequences in the goat beta globin locus. 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Nucleic acids research》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
We have characterized a family of repetitive DNA elements in the beta-globin locus of the goat. These sequences are structurally analogous to the Alu families of repeats of other mammals. Repetitive elements are located both in the intervening sequences and in the intergenic regions of the goat beta-globin locus. Nucleotide sequence analysis of five repetitive elements located within the large intervening sequence of the beta-like globin genes, and four repeats located 5' to the major developmentally regulated beta-globin genes has resulted in the definition of a consensus sequence for this family of repeats. 相似文献
133.
T.T. Dolan A.S. Young G.J. Losos I. McMilian Ch.E. Minder K. Soulsby 《International journal for parasitology》1984,14(1):89-95
Dolan T. T., Young A.S., Losos G.J., McMillan I., Minder Ch.E. and Soulsby K. 1984. Dose dependent responses of Theileria parva stabilate. International Journal for Parasitology14: 89–95. A tick derived stabilate of Theileria parva (Maguga) was titrated in a large group of Boran (Bos indicus) cattle of the same age, sex and origin. The infectivity data was analysed using the independent action model. The cattle were identified as heterogeneous in their response to infection with 75% showing one ID50 (0.0014) and 25% showing another (0.01). The disease responses of the cattle given different dose levels were compared for a variety of parameters. The results obtained showed these parameters to be dose dependent including the time to onset of piroplasm parasitaemia. The stabilate is of large volume and can be used for controlled challenge in immunity studies and for comparison of susceptibility between cattle of different breeds and from different epidemiological backgrounds. 相似文献
134.
Cell-specific properties of red cell and liver ferritin from bullfrog tadpoles probed by phosphorylation in vitro 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cell-specific differences occur in the primary structure of ferritin. For example, red cell and liver ferritin from bullfrog tadpoles differ by 1.5 times in serine content. To determine if cell-specific differences in ferritin primary structure are expressed in the tetraeicosomer, which thus might distinguish the proteins in a functional state, phosphorylation in vitro was employed as a probe using [gamma-32P]ATP and the catalytic subunit from the cAMP-dependent protein kinase of bovine skeletal muscle. Subunits of both proteins in the tetraeicosomers were phosphorylated. Based on tryptic peptide maps, five regions common to both red cell and liver apoferritin were phosphorylated, as confirmed for two peptides by amino acid analyses. [32P]Apoferritin from red cells yielded an additional four 32P-fragments by mapping, at least three of which were unique by amino acid analysis and, in one case, might represent a 32P-Fe complex bound by a fragment of the iron-binding site. One peptide appeared to be unique to liver apoferritin. High concentrations of ATP yielded one additional peptide common to liver and red cell and one red cell-specific peptide in the tryptic peptide maps. The maximum moles of 32P/molecule were 13 +/- 4 and 6 +/- 2, respectively, for red cell and liver apoferritin, which corresponded within experimental error to the number of 32P-tryptic peptides. The level of phosphorylation was, on the average, not more than one site/subunit. Furthermore, above certain levels of phosphorylation, some subunits in the assemblage of 24 appeared to be unavailable as substrates, possibly because of charge repulsion or conformational changes. The possibility that post-translational modifications of ferritin which amplify cell-specific structural features occur in vivo with cytoplasmic components, e.g. protein kinases, is considered in terms of the physiological availability of iron from different iron storage cells and developmental changes in iron storage. 相似文献
135.
Effect of base-pair stability of nearest-neighbor nucleotides on the fidelity of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The influence of the stability of base pairs formed by nearest-neighbor nucleotides on misincorporation frequency has been studied with the large fragment of DNA polymerase I, the alternating DNA copolymers, poly(dI-dC) and poly-(dG-dC), as template-primers, and dGTP, dITP, and dCTP as substrates. We have utilized the difference in thermodynamic stability between the doubly H-bonded I X C base pair and triply H-bonded G X C base pair to examine the effects of base-pair stability of both the "preceding" and the "following" nucleotides on the frequency of insertion of a mismatched nucleotide, as well as on its stable incorporation into polynucleotide. The present studies demonstrate that the stability of the base pairs formed by nearest-neighbor nucleotides affects the frequency of incorporation of noncomplementary nucleotides. Misincorporation frequency is increased when the nearest-neighbor nucleotides form more stable base pairs with the corresponding nucleotides in the template and is decreased when they form less stable base pairs. The stability of the base pair formed by a nucleotide either preceding (5' to) or following (3' to) a misincorporated nucleotide influences misincorporation frequency, but by different mechanisms. The stability of base pairs formed by preceding nucleotides affects the rate of insertion of mismatched nucleotide but does not protect the mismatched nucleotide from removal by the 3' to 5' exonuclease activity. In contrast, the stability of a base pair formed by a following nucleotide determines whether a misincorporated nucleotide is extended or excised by affecting the ability of the enzyme to edit errors of incorporation. 相似文献
136.
An antibody probe to determine the native species of glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase in chicken liver 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Antibody probes of Western blots [Renart, J., Reiser, J., & Stark, G. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76, 3116] of chicken liver homogenates under various conditions revealed that glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase can be rapidly proteolyzed in such homogenates. These findings, along with molecular weight measurements by ultracentrifugation, identify the true form of glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase as a monomeric protein of 117000 daltons. This protein has been purified 400-fold in 44% yield from chicken liver in one step on an affinity column of 10-formyl-5,8-dideazafolate-Sepharose. Native glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase retains full activity after proteolytic cleavage to a form (Mr 55000) similar to fragments seen in the Western blot of the homogenates. This phenomenon may be responsible for the previous identification of glycinamide ribonucleotide (GAR) transformylase as a dimer of 55000-dalton subunits. Similar analyses using antibodies to 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) transformylase [Mueller, W. T., & Benkovic, S. J. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 337] and trifunctional enzyme [Smith, G. K., Mueller, W. T., Wasserman, G. F., Taylor, W. D., & Benkovic, S. J. (1980) Biochemistry 19, 4313] confirm that these two proteins were isolated in their native forms. 相似文献
137.
Summary Environmental and water relations parameters during fall were monitored for six conifer tree species common to the central Rocky Mountains growing naturally at the same location (Pinus contorta, Pinus ponderosa, Pinus flexilus, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies lasiocarpa, Picea engelmannii). Subsequent to what appeared to be the beginning of seasonal stomatal closure, leaf conductance to water vapor declined sharply following the onset of freezing air temperatures at night. A coincident rapid decline in morning xylem pressure potentials (p) also occurred which resulted in values that were considerably below afternoon p. Continuing decreases in maximum leaf conductance during the day were highly correlated with corresponding decreases in minimum nocturnal air temperatures of the preceding night. By mid-December, morning p returned to values very near afternoon p and were only slightly lower than before the onset of subfreezing nights. A preliminary model is proposed which interprets the qualitative interaction between air and soil temperatures, soil and plant water potentials, and leaf conductance during seasonal stomatal closure in fall. 相似文献
138.
Discriminative stimulus properties of the serotonin agonist 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine (TFMPP) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Using a standard two-lever drug discrimination procedure, twelve rats were trained to discriminate 1.0 mg/kg of the serotonin (5-HT) agonist TFMPP from saline. Once trained, the animals displayed a dose-related decrease in discriminative performance upon administration of lower doses of TFMPP. Tests of stimulus generalization were performed using the purported 5-HT agonist RU-24, 969 and 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOM). While TFMPP produced stimulus effects similar to those of RU-24,969, these effects seem to be dissimilar to those of DOM. The results of the present study suggest that the discriminative stimulus effects of TFMPP may involve a 5-HT1-related mechanism. 相似文献
139.
Gene amplification in Bacillus subtilis 总被引:35,自引:0,他引:35
M Young 《Journal of general microbiology》1984,130(7):1613-1621
A strain of Bacillus subtilis that carries in its genome a staphylococcal chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene (from pC194) responds to growth at different concentrations of chloramphenicol by an alteration in the number of copies per genome of the sequences encoding the gene. Growth at 20 micrograms chloramphenicol ml-1 results in a 15-fold amplification of the sequences, whereas growth in the absence of chloramphenicol results in their loss. The mechanism of in situ amplification probably has much in common with that involved in 'R factor transitioning'. The hybridization procedures that have been used for accurately determining the number of copies of the amplified DNA sequences are potentially useful for plasmid copy number determination. The findings reported here also provide a potentially useful alternative to more conventional cloning strategies that are based on autonomous plasmids in B. subtilis. The particular advantages that can be envisaged include enhanced stability of the cloned sequences and control of the number of copies that are present. 相似文献
140.
Human Brain Phenol Sulfotransferase: Biochemical Properties and Regional Localization 总被引:7,自引:5,他引:2
William F. Young Jr. Haruo Okazaki† Edward R. Laws Jr. ‡ Richard M. Weinshilboum 《Journal of neurochemistry》1984,43(3):706-715
Phenol sulfotransferase (PST) catalyzes the sulfate conjugation of catecholamines and phenol and catechol drugs. The human blood platelet contains a thermolabile (TL) form of PST that catalyzes the sulfate conjugation of dopamine and other monoamines and a thermostable (TS) form that catalyzes the sulfate conjugation of micromolar concentrations of phenol and p-nitrophenol. Experiments were performed to determine whether the brain contains forms of PST analogous to the TL and TS forms found in the human platelet, and to determine whether there are regional variations in human brain PST activity. We found that the human brain contains at least two forms of PST, forms that are similar to the platelet TS and TL forms of the enzyme with respect to substrate specificity, apparent Km constants, thermal stability, and sensitivity to inhibitors. Optimal conditions were determined for the measurement of these two activities in brain homogenates. The stability of PST activities in the human brain after death was determined in five samples of cerebral cortex that were obtained during clinically indicated neurosurgical procedures. An average of 76 +/- 8% and 80 +/- 9% (mean +/- SEM) of the basal TL and TS PST activities, respectively, remained in these five samples of cerebral cortex after 8 h of storage under simulated post-mortem conditions. Six human brains were then obtained less that 8 h after death from patients who had no neurological disease prior to death. The mean activities of the TL and TS forms of PST were measured in 17 different regions of the six brains. If the pituitary was excluded from consideration, TL and TS PST activities both varied approximately fivefold among these regions, and both activities were highest in cerebral cortex. However, the average TS activity in the anterior pituitary, a tissue of non-neural origin embryologically, was 6.5-fold greater than the highest average TS PST activity found in cerebral cortex. 相似文献