全文获取类型
收费全文 | 521篇 |
免费 | 42篇 |
专业分类
563篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 7篇 |
2021年 | 12篇 |
2019年 | 6篇 |
2018年 | 8篇 |
2017年 | 7篇 |
2016年 | 6篇 |
2015年 | 21篇 |
2014年 | 13篇 |
2013年 | 32篇 |
2012年 | 27篇 |
2011年 | 20篇 |
2010年 | 20篇 |
2009年 | 15篇 |
2008年 | 14篇 |
2007年 | 32篇 |
2006年 | 17篇 |
2005年 | 13篇 |
2004年 | 11篇 |
2003年 | 17篇 |
2002年 | 13篇 |
2001年 | 6篇 |
2000年 | 11篇 |
1999年 | 15篇 |
1997年 | 5篇 |
1996年 | 5篇 |
1995年 | 6篇 |
1994年 | 10篇 |
1993年 | 8篇 |
1992年 | 10篇 |
1991年 | 11篇 |
1990年 | 4篇 |
1989年 | 11篇 |
1988年 | 7篇 |
1987年 | 18篇 |
1986年 | 13篇 |
1985年 | 6篇 |
1984年 | 9篇 |
1983年 | 9篇 |
1982年 | 4篇 |
1981年 | 4篇 |
1979年 | 4篇 |
1978年 | 9篇 |
1977年 | 5篇 |
1976年 | 3篇 |
1975年 | 6篇 |
1974年 | 6篇 |
1973年 | 7篇 |
1972年 | 5篇 |
1970年 | 4篇 |
1961年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有563条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
121.
122.
123.
Conservative and compensatory evolution in oxidative phosphorylation complexes of angiosperms with highly divergent rates of mitochondrial genome evolution 下载免费PDF全文
Justin C. Havird Nicholas S. Whitehill Christopher D. Snow Daniel B. Sloan 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2015,69(12):3069-3081
Interactions between nuclear and mitochondrial gene products are critical for eukaryotic cell function. Nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial‐targeted proteins (N‐mt genes) experience elevated rates of evolution, which has often been interpreted as evidence of nuclear compensation in response to elevated mitochondrial mutation rates. However, N‐mt genes may be under relaxed functional constraints, which could also explain observed increases in their evolutionary rate. To disentangle these hypotheses, we examined patterns of sequence and structural evolution in nuclear‐ and mitochondrial‐encoded oxidative phosphorylation proteins from species in the angiosperm genus Silene with vastly different mitochondrial mutation rates. We found correlated increases in N‐mt gene evolution in species with fast‐evolving mitochondrial DNA. Structural modeling revealed an overrepresentation of N‐mt substitutions at positions that directly contact mutated residues in mitochondrial‐encoded proteins, despite overall patterns of conservative structural evolution. These findings support the hypothesis that selection for compensatory changes in response to mitochondrial mutations contributes to the elevated rate of evolution in N‐mt genes. We discuss these results in light of theories implicating mitochondrial mutation rates and mitonuclear coevolution as drivers of speciation and suggest comparative and experimental approaches that could take advantage of heterogeneity in rates of mtDNA evolution across eukaryotes to evaluate such theories. 相似文献
124.
125.
126.
Evanthia Galanis Stephen Frytak Kendrith M. Rowland Jr. Jeff A. Sloan Vanda A. Lennon 《Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII》1999,48(2-3):85-90
The aims of this study were to investigate, in patients with newly diagnosed small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), whether or
not there may be a relationship between the presence, type or titer of circulating neuronal autoantibodies and (i) the extent
of SCLC dissemination at presentation, (ii) the development of peripheral neuropathy during platinum chemotherapy, (iii) survival
time. We studied stored serum from 58 patients with uncomplicated SCLC who had participated in two trials conducted by the
North Central Cancer Treatment Group (NCCTG); 29 had extensive disease and 29 had limited disease. No patient had neuropathy
or other neurological or paraneoplastic problems at the time of enrollment but each group included 14 or 15 patients respectively
who developed peripheral neuropathy in the course of chemotherapy. We tested five consecutive serum specimens from each patient
in blinded fashion by (i) an indirect immunofluorescence assay optimized to detect neuron-restricted nuclear and cytoplasmic
antibodies (triple substrate of mouse cerebellum, gut and kidney), and (ii) immunoprecipitation assays to detect neuronal
Ca2+-channel-binding antibodies (N-type and P/Q-type). Sera that were positive by immunofluorescence were analyzed further by
Western blotting. Neuronal autoantibodies were significantly more frequent in patients who had limited SCLC at presentation
(12/29 or 41% positive) than in those with extensive SCLC (5/29 or 17% positive, P = 0.02). Neuronal autoantibodies of nuclear or cytoplasmic specificity were found in 50% of the seropositive patients with
limited SCLC (21% of the total group), but in no patient with extensive SCLC (P = 0.01). The frequency of neuronal autoantibodies did not differ significantly among patients who did and did not develop
peripheral neuropathy. Titers fell progressively during chemotherapy and did not rise again when peripheral neuropathy became
clinically evident. This argues against a synergism between drug toxicity and neuronal autoimmunity as the mechanism of platinum-associated
peripheral neuropathy. Seropositivity for neuronal autoantibodies did not affect the survival of patients with either limited
or extensive SCLC. It is conceivable that the immunosuppression attendant on combined cisplatin/etoposide therapy cancels
a pre-existing protective antitumor immune response (presumably cytotoxic-T-cell-mediated) for which the nuclear and cytoplasmic
paraneoplastic IgG autoantibodies serve as a surrogate marker. Testing of this hypothesis would require the survival of seropositive
and seronegative patients to be compared in a larger trial, using a therapeutic modality that does not compromise immunocompetence.
Received: 20 November 1998 / Accepted: 6 January 1999 相似文献
127.
A differential medium that distinguishes between pleiotropic and nonpleiotropic mutants for exoenzyme production has been developed for Staphylococcus simulans biovar staphylolyticus. The medium will facilitate genetic analysis of exoenzyme production by this organism. Generally useful strategies for increasing the sensitivity of indicator plates for detection of exoenzyme activities are presented. 相似文献
128.
129.
130.