藏北申扎地区下石炭统永珠组下部孢子组合的特征及意义

报道藏北申扎永珠区德日昂玛—下拉剖面的永珠组孢子组合,发现孢子43属,70余种(包括未定种)。组合特征如下:1)缺乏欧美植物地理区早石炭世典型的石松类植物的小孢子Lycospora属及早石炭世晚期(维宪期)重要孢子属;2)出现较多早石炭世早期(杜内期),甚至泥盆纪晚期分子。呈现出新老化石的混合现象;3)北半球和南半球孢子的混合组合,同时也是冷、暖微古植物群混合,既有相当于中国早石炭世晚期大塘期以及西欧维宪期典型属种,又有南半球澳大利亚(包括巴西和非洲大陆)的维宪期的典型种。从孢子化石混合现象看,永珠组应为近岸浅水或滨海条件下的沉积,下伏地层的孢子化石再沉积现象说明当时有一次很大的海平面下降,在邻近地区出现了大面积的剥蚀区。说明杜内期末期—维宪期初期,申扎地区出现一次由冈瓦纳大陆冰川发育造成海平面相对下降。形成区域上不整合界面———洛工组或“巴日阿朗寨段”底部的不整合界面。混合孢子组合中的寒冷气候条件下的孢子化石的发现,印证了杨式溥、范影年和林宝玉推断的冈瓦纳冰川自早石炭世维宪期(大塘期)开始就影响到西藏申扎的推论。     

青海省下三叠统巴颜喀拉山群下亚群的孢粉组合

首次对青海中部下三叠统巴颜喀拉山群下亚群孢粉组合进行综合研究。共发现孢粉:下岩组59属89种(包括1新种),按在组合中百分含量的平均值,蕨类植物孢子占55.71%,裸子植物花粉占36.3%,疑源类9属2种占7.36%,称之为Lundbladispora-Cycadopites-Veryhachium组合;上岩组86属119种(包括3新种),蕨类植物孢子占46.03%,裸子植物花粉占31.91%,疑源类13属16种占21.64%,称之为Limatulasporites?Cycadop-tes?Tubermonocolpites-Micrhystridium组合。上述孢粉组合特征,大体可与国内外早三叠世孢粉组合对比,因此,巴颜喀拉山群下亚群的时代应属早三叠世。     

18S rDNA的研究进展及其在膜翅目昆虫分子系统学中的应用

本文综述了18S rDNA的研究进展,主要包括了18S rDNA的结构研究,18S rDNA的网络资源利用和18S rDNA在膜翅目昆虫中的应用。     

意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫肠道中ame-miR-bantam对靶基因USP和P300的表达调控

【目的】本研究旨在通过饲喂法对意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica工蜂幼虫肠道中ame-miR-bantam进行过表达与敲减,明确ame-miR-bantam对靶基因USP和P300表达的调控作用。【方法】通过饲喂ame-miR-bantam模拟物(mimic-ame-miR-bantam)和抑制物(inhibitor-ame-miR-bantam)及相应的阴性对照mimic-NC-ame-miR-bantam和inhibitor-NC-ame-miR-bantam,对意大利蜜蜂工蜂4-6日龄幼虫肠道组织中的ame-miR-bantam分别进行过表达和敲减。利用生物信息学软件进行ame-miR-bantam的靶向预测及分析。通过RT-qPCR检测4-6日龄意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫肠道中ame-miR-bantam的过表达和敲减效果及靶基因USP和P300的相对表达量。【结果】相较于饲喂mimic-NC-ame-miR-bantam,饲喂mimic-ame-miR-bantam后,ame-miR-bantam在意大利蜜蜂4-6日龄工蜂幼虫肠道中均显著上调;相较于饲喂inh...     

School performance in Danish children exposed to maternal type 1 diabetes in utero: A nationwide retrospective cohort study

BackgroundConflicting results have been reported concerning possible adverse effects on the cognitive function of offspring of mothers with type 1 diabetes (O-mT1D). Previous studies have included offspring of parents from the background population (O-BP), but not offspring of fathers with type 1 diabetes (O-fT1D) as the unexposed reference group.Methods and findingsThis is a population-based retrospective cohort study from 2010 to 2016. Nationally standardized school test scores (range, 1 to 100) were obtained for public school grades 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 in O-mT1D and compared with those in O-fT1D and O-BP. Of the 622,073 included children, 2,144 were O-mT1D, and 3,474 were O-fT1D. Multiple linear regression models were used to compare outcomes, including the covariates offspring with type 1 diabetes, parity, number of siblings, offspring sex, smoking during pregnancy, parental age, and socioeconomic factors. Mean test scores were 54.2 (standard deviation, SD 24.8) in O-mT1D, 54.4 (SD 24.8) in O-fT1D, and 56.4 (SD 24.7) in O-BP. In adjusted analyses, the mean differences in test scores were −1.59 (95% CI −2.48 to −0.71, p < 0.001) between O-mT1D and O-BP and −0.78 (95% CI −1.48 to −0.08, p = 0.03) between O-fT1D and O-BP. No significant difference in the adjusted mean test scores was found between O-mT1D and O-fT1D (p = 0.16). The study’s limitation was no access to measures of glycemic control during pregnancy.ConclusionsO-mT1D achieved lower test scores than O-BP but similar test scores compared with O-fT1D. Glycemic control during pregnancy is essential to prevent various adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with type 1 diabetes. However, the present study reduces previous concerns regarding adverse effects of in utero hyperglycemia on offspring cognitive function.

Anne Lærke Spangmose and colleagues examine the association between school performance and exposure to maternal or paternal type 1 diabetes in utero in Denmark.     

中国不同地域恒河猴MHC-Ⅰ型部分等位基因的调查

采用序列特异性引物-聚合酶链式反应(PCR-SSP)分型方法对在华南灵长类动物研究中心繁殖的247只中国恒河猴(Macaca mulatta)(其中30只来源于广西、34只来源于海南,183只来源于川西、安徽等内陆地区杂交群)的Mamu-A01、A02、A08、B01和NA7等5个MHC-Ⅰ型分子位点进行检测。结果显示,A01、A02发现于海南群和杂交群,阳性率均小于8.8%;A08发现于杂交群中,阳性率小于3.8%;B01发现于广西群和杂交群,阳性率均大于17.48%;NA7在3个猴群中均有发现,阳性率均大于32.4%。中国不同地域恒河猴群体携带的5个MHC-Ⅰ型等位基因的频率存在明显差异,通过与印度的恒河猴比较,中国恒河猴与印度恒河猴携带的MHC-Ⅰ等位基因也存在显著的差异。     

Contributions of source population and incubation temperature to phenotypic variation of hatchling Chinese skinks

Phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation are viewed as the main factors that result in between-population variation in phenotypic traits,but contributions of ...     

Use of the MIDI-FAME technique to characterize groundwater communities

Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles were identified directly from groundwater microbial communities concentrated on and extracted with polycarbonate filters. The sensitivity of this direct extraction method was determined using pure cultures of Acinetobacter junii, Pseudomonas putida and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. A minimum concentration of 107 cells filter-1 was required to identify the predominant fatty acids from each culture. However, at least 3.7 x 109 cells filter-1 were required to obtain fatty acid profiles that matched the signature profiles for pure cultures in a commercial database. While several saturated fatty acids (i.e. 14 : 0, 16 : 0, 18 : 0) were extracted from the polycarbonate filters, they were readily subtracted from microbial fatty acid profiles and did not interfere with the characterization of pure cultures or environmental samples. For the environmental samples, 3 l of groundwater from the Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC, (USA) contained sufficient biomass for direct extraction. A comparative analysis of FAME groundwater profiles demonstrated a qualitative difference among communities sampled from spatially discrete locations, while a groundwater well that was sampled at two time points showed strong similarities over time. Concentration of microbial biomass on polycarbonate filters coupled with the MIDI-FAME extraction of both biomass and filter was a useful technique to characterize microbial communities from groundwater.     

Endocrine disruptors: present issues, future directions

A variety of natural products and synthetic chemicals, known collectively as endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), mimic or interfere with the mechanisms that govern vertebrate reproductive development and function. At present, research has focused on (i) the morphological and functional consequences of EDCs; (ii) identifying and determining the relative potencies of synthetic and steroidal compounds that have endocrine-disrupting effects; (iii) the mechanism of action of EDCs at the molecular level; and (iv) the recognition that in "real life," contamination usually reflects mixtures of EDCs. Future research must examine (i) the interactive nature of EDCs, particularly whether the threshold concept as developed in traditional toxicological research applies to these chemicals; (ii) when and how EDCs act at the physiological level, particularly how they may organize the neural substrates of reproductive physiology and behavior; (iii) the various effects these compounds have on different species, individuals, and even tissues; and (iv) how adaptations may evolve in natural populations with continued exposure to EDCs. Several predictions are offered that reflect these new perspectives. Specifically, (i) the threshold assumption will be found not to apply to EDCs because they mimic the actions of endogenous molecules (e.g., estrogen) critical to development; hence, the threshold is automatically exceeded with exposure. (ii) Behavior can compound and magnify the effects of EDCs over successive generations; that is, bioaccumulated EDCs inherited from the mother not only influence the morphological and physiological development of the offspring but also the offsprings' reproductive behavior as adults. This adult behavior, in turn, can have further consequences on the sexual development of their own young. (iii) The sensitivity of a species or an individual to a compound is related to species (individual)-typical concentrations of circulating gonadal steroid hormones. Related to this is the recent finding that alternate forms of the putative receptors are differentially distributed, thereby contributing to the different effects that have been observed. (iv) Except in extraordinary situations, populations often continue to exist in contaminated sites. One possible explanation for this observation that needs to be considered is that animals can rapidly adapt to the nature and level of contamination in their environment. It is unlikely that successive generations coincidentally become insensitive to gonadal steroid hormones fundamentally important as biological regulators of development and reproduction. Rather, adaptive alterations in the genes that encode steroid receptors may occur with chronic exposure to EDCs, allowing the sex hormone receptor to discriminate natural steroids from EDCs.     

糖类在植物组织培养中的效应

糖类是影响植物组织培养成功与否的关键之一。迄今为止,已用于植物组织培养的糖类有５０多种。在植物体细胞组织培养中,蔗糖一直作为标准碳源,然而其他糖类物质如：葡萄糖、麦芽糖和山梨醇对植物体细胞培养也产生了一定的影响。在植物花药培养中,蔗糖较好,但应注意麦芽糖对花药培养的促进作用。