Morphological changes in the cochlear nuclear complex in primate phylogeny and development

The primate cochlear nuclear complex exhibits several characteristic morphological differences in the various primate families from Lorisidae through Hominidae. The most striking differences occur in the organization of the dorsal cochlear nucleus in which the laminar pattern becomes progressively obscured. Granule cells form an external granular layer as well as being intermixed within the molecular and pyramidal layers in slow lorises and squirrel and rhesus monkeys. Whereas a prominent external granular layer remains in chimpanzees, granule cells are scant in other portions of the nucleus. Human adults lack an external granular layer. A small number of granule cells occur but with inconstant distribution. Primates lack the linear array of pyramidal cells oriented perpendicularly to the epithelial surface as seen in cats. The granule cell layer exhibits similar regression in development of the human cochlear complex. The external granular layer is prominent in the fetus but rapidly decreases in size after birth. It achieves its adult form prior to 18 months. The data suggest that neuronal attrition, or programmed cell death, may be the major mechanism accounting for the alterations that occur in the human granule cell layer. Other differences in cytoarchitecture, within the great apes and humans, include decreases in the small and giant cell populations of the cochlear complex. These changes, in consort with the organizational changes and reduction of granule cells as noted above, suggest a trend towards reduced intranuclear integration at the level of the cochlear nucleus coupled with encephalization of the auditory system.     

Avian hepatic T3 generation by 5'-monodeiodination: characterization of two enzymatic pathways and the effects of goitrogens

The enzymatic nature of 5'-monodeiodination (5'-D) in avian liver homogenates was demonstrated by abolishment of activity by iopanoic acid (IOP). T3 production from T4 was dependent on enzyme and substrate concentrations, incubation time, incubation temperature, and pH. Two pathways of 5'-D activity were present in avian liver and exhibited characteristics similar to those described in mammalian tissues. Type II activity was identified as propylthiouracil (PTU)-insensitive activity. Type I (PTU-sensitive) was determined by difference between Total and Type II. Km values were 1.58 microM T4 for Total activity and 0.90 nM T4 for Type II, corresponding to the characteristics of the mammalian pathways. The effects of goitrogens on avian hepatic 5'-D were equivalent to those reported for the mammalian enzyme.     

Protamine sulfate causes pulmonary hypertension and edema in isolated rat lungs

The polycation protamine sulfate increases microvascular permeability in the kidney by reducing glomerular charge. We have exposed the pulmonary vasculature to protamine sulfate to determine whether electrical charges play a role in protein permeability in lung vascular beds. In anephric rats, protamine sulfate increased hematocrit approximately 25%. With protamine sulfate doses of 0.08 and 0.04 mg/g body wt, lung blood-free wet-to-dry weight ratios were increased (5.24 +/- 0.8 and 4.89 +/- 0.7) compared with control (3.85 +/- 0.3) (P less than 0.05). In isolated, ventilated, and perfused lungs 0.04 mg/g body wt protamine sulfate increased pulmonary arterial pressure from 5.2 +/- 1.4 to 16.3 +/- 3.9 mmHg (P less than 0.01). These lungs gained weight and lung wet-to-dry weight ratios were significantly increased (15.33 +/- 4.26 compared with 6.04 +/- 0.24 for control lungs). Poly-L-lysine, another polycation, also caused significant increases in pulmonary arterial pressure, lung weight, and lung wet-to-dry weight ratios. The addition of diphenhydramine to the perfusate 10 min before the addition of protamine sulfate did not prevent these changes. Heparin (90 U/mg protamine sulfate) reversed the abnormalities. Pulmonary arterial pressure (7.0 +/- 1.1 mmHg) was not significantly different from the control value, lung weight did not increase, and the lung wet-to-dry weight ratio was 6.24 +/- 0.23 (P greater than 0.05). We conclude that polycations have a significant effect on pulmonary vascular resistance and perhaps on permeability.     

An active site-tyrosine-containing heptapeptide from D-amino acid oxidase

The flavoenzyme D-amino acid oxidase (Eo) is rapidly chlorinated by N-chloro-D-leucine (Rudie, N.G., Porter, D.J.T., and Bright, H.J. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 498-508). We have carried out chymotryptic digestion of E0-36Cl2 and find that all of the radiolabel is located in a heptapeptide having [3.5-36Cl2]chlorotyrosine as the COOH-terminal residue. This heptapeptide, having the sequence -Asp-Leu-Glu-Arg-Gly-Ile-Tyr-, is located within a larger fragment obtained previously from cyanogen bromide cleavage of E0. These results demonstrate that the target for chlorination in E0 must be a single tyrosine residue and provide, when taken together with previous findings, the first clear evidence for the identity and location of an active site residue in the polypeptide chain of D-amino oxidase.     

Fast atom bombardment combined with tandem mass spectrometry for the study of dinucleotides

A study of mono- and dinucleotides by utilizing negative ion fast atom bombardment (FAB), metastable decomposition of (M-H)- species, and collisionally activated decomposition (CAD) of (M-H)- species is reported. Data were obtained for several complete series containing the standard nucleosides (guanosine, adenosine, cytidine, thymidine, and uridine): the 3'- and 5'-monophosphate mononucleotide series for both ribo- and 2'-deoxyribomononucleotides, all possible combinations for the 3'(-)----5'-ribodinucleotides, and all possible combinations of the 3'(-)----5',2'-deoxyribodinucleotides. The metastable and CAD spectra provide more information than the FAB mass spectra. The (M-H)- ions of all dinucleotides decompose either as metastable ions or upon collisional activation to eliminate BH (B = base) preferentially from the 3'- rather than the 5'-terminus. Isomeric dinucleotides can be distinguished on the basis of this fragmentation. To establish the identity of the base at the 5'-terminus, collisional activation is preferred. By comparing relative abundances of BH elimination observed, the inherent basicities of the nucleoside base anions can be inferred to be C- greater than A-, T-, greater than G-.     

An Intranuclear Microsporidium Associated with Acute Anemia in the Chinook Salmon,Oncorhynchus tshawytscha1

An intranuclear microsporidium is described from hemoblastic cells of the chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. The infection is associated with an acute anemia in the fish. Up to 47% of the hemoblast nuclei were infected in anemic fish. The organisms, found only in spleen and kidney tissues, were 1–2 μm in diameter and consisted of vegetative and early sporulation forms. This microsporidium differs from known species which parasitize fish in its tissue location; however, the absence of mature spores and other life cycle stages precludes determination of its precise taxonomic identity.     

Structural analysis of covalently labeled estrogen receptors by limited proteolysis and monoclonal antibody reactivity

We have used limited proteolysis of affinity-labeled estrogen receptors (ER), coupled with antireceptor antibody immunoreactivity, to assess structural features of ER and the relatedness of ER from MCF-7 human breast cancer and rat uterine cells. MCF-7 ER preparations covalently labeled with [3H]tamoxifen aziridine [( 3H]TAZ) were treated with trypsin (T), alpha-chymotrypsin (C), or Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease prior to electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels. Fluorography revealed a distinctive ladder of ER fragments containing TAZ for each protease generated from the Mr 66,000 ER: for T, fragments of 50K, 38K, 36K, 31K, 29K, and 28K that with longer exposure generated a 6K fragment; for C, fragments of 50K, 38K, 35K, 33K, 31K, 19K, and 18K that with longer exposure generated 14K and 6K fragments; and for V8, ca. 10 fragments between 62K and 28K. Two-dimensional gels revealed charge heterogeneity (two to three spots between pI 5.5 and 6.2) of the 66K ER and the T-generated 28K meroreceptor form. Immunoblot detection with the primate-specific antibody D75P3 gamma revealed that all immunoreactive fragments corresponded to TAZ-labeled fragments but that some small TAZ-labeled fragments (V8-generated forms less than 47K and T-generated forms less than 31K) were no longer immunoreactive. In contrast, use of the antibody H222Sp gamma revealed a correspondence between TAZ-labeled and immunoreactive fragments down to the smallest fragments generated, ca. 6K for T and C and 28K for V8. MCF-7 nuclear and cytosol ER showed very similar digest patterns, and there was a remarkable similarity in the TAZ-labeled and H222-immunoreactive fragments generated by proteolysis of both MCF-7 and rat uterine ER. These findings reveal great structural similarities between the human (breast cancer) and rat (uterine) ER and between nuclear and cytosol ER, indicate charge heterogeneity of ER, and allow a comparison of the immunoreactive and hormone attachment site domains of the ER. The observation that T and C generate a ca. 6K TAZ-labeled fragment that is also detectable with the H222 antibody should be of interest in studies determining the hormone binding domain of the ER and in amino acid sequencing of this region.     

Biochemical and phenotypical correction of an envelope mutant of Salmonella typhimurium

Salmonella typhimurium DA 361 bears an env D1 mutation with the following abnormal phenotypical and biochemical characteristics: a) it autolyses at stationary phase in nutrient broth; b) it grows in chains of short rods; c) it is a poor maltose fermenter and d) it has a diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) content twice as high than its isogenic non-lytic pair DA 362 (env D+) and LT2, of which both are derivatives. Growth of DA 361 in the presence of 400 mM ethanol leads on a 50% decrease of DPG level, thereby equalling its PG/DPG ratio with those of the control strain. Consequently, a correction on the other phenotypical and biochemical anomalies are induced since the DA 361 strain decreases its autolytic activity, ferments normally maltose and appear as rods undifferentiated from DA 362.     

Preservation of sorghum plant portions harvested,processed and ensiled at ten stages of maturity

Two varieties of grain sorghum were harvested at 10 intervals from 35–189 days post planting. Leaf, stem and head portions were separated before being prepared for chemical analysis or ensiled for 30 days in 1-1 silos with or without preservatives. The taller variety (FS-1b) accumulated 60% more dry matter than ORO-T with advancing plant maturity, while whole plant crude protein content decreased from near 20 to less than 7% for both varieties. Dry matter ensiling loss (DMEL) was different (P < 0.05) for each plant portion, but was lower and less variable after the 77-day harvest. Immature leaves and heads resulted in the greatest average DMEL of 31 and 24%, respectively. Propionic acid decreased DMEL, while an ammonia solution was ineffective when compared to control leaf, stem and heads. The DMEL of leaves was influenced (P < 0.05) by a varietal × modulus of fineness interaction while the stem exhibited an interaction with plant maturity × modulus of fineness. Modulus of fineness was not associated with levels of organic acid production in silages, but plant maturity significantly influenced acetic, propionic and butyric acid production in heads. These data indicated that numerous combinations of silage preservation techniques affected DMEL of sorghum plant portions at different maturities.