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91.
The Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip has emerged as one of the most popular platforms for genome wide profiling of DNA methylation. While the technology is wide-spread, systematic technical biases are believed to be present in the data. For example, this array incorporates two different chemical assays, i.e., Type I and Type II probes, which exhibit different technical characteristics and potentially complicate the computational and statistical analysis. Several normalization methods have been introduced recently to adjust for possible biases. However, there is considerable debate within the field on which normalization procedure should be used and indeed whether normalization is even necessary. Yet despite the importance of the question, there has been little comprehensive comparison of normalization methods. We sought to systematically compare several popular normalization approaches using the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) methylation data set and the technical replicates analyzed with it as a case study. We assessed both the reproducibility between technical replicates following normalization and the effect of normalization on association analysis. Results indicate that the raw data are already highly reproducible, some normalization approaches can slightly improve reproducibility, but other normalization approaches may introduce more variability into the data. Results also suggest that differences in association analysis after applying different normalizations are not large when the signal is strong, but when the signal is more modest, different normalizations can yield very different numbers of findings that meet a weaker statistical significance threshold. Overall, our work provides useful, objective assessment of the effectiveness of key normalization methods.  相似文献   
92.
Electrospun scaffolds derived from poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL), a well known biodegradable material, have an architecture that is suitable for hosting cells. However, their biomedical applications are restricted because these scaffolds lack the bioactivity necessary to stimulate cell responses. In this work, a repetitive Arg-Gly-Asp (rRGD) peptide was produced as a cell-stimulating agent to provide the PCL scaffold with bioactivity. DNA encoding rRGD was amplified by polymerase chain reaction using overlap primers without a DNA template, and cloned into a protein expression vector to produce a His-tag fusion peptide. In an in vitro cell adhesion assay, the purified rRGD peptide, comprising 30 RGD repeats, promoted a 1.5-fold greater cell adhesion than the commercial tripeptide RGD. The rRGD peptide was immobilized onto an electrospun PCL scaffold that had been pretreated with argon plasma and graft-polymerized with acrylic acid. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis indicated that covalently linked rRGD peptide was present on the scaffold. The PCL scaffold with immobilized rRGD showed significantly changed hydrophilic properties and an enhanced adhesion and proliferation of mouse fibroblast cells by 2.3- and 2.9-fold, respectively, compared to the PCL scaffold alone. Through its ability to promote cell adhesion and proliferation, the rRGD peptide has great potential as a stimulant for improving the suboptimal cell-matrix interaction of polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.  相似文献   
93.
2-Alkyl-4(1H)-quinolones (AQs) and related derivatives, which exhibit a variety of biological properties, are secondary metabolites produced by, e.g., Pseudomonas and Burkholderia spp. Due to their main role as signaling molecules in the quorum sensing system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2-heptyl-4(1H)-quinolone (HHQ) and its 3-hydroxy derivative, termed the “Pseudomonas quinolone signal” (PQS), have received considerable attention. Since chemical synthesis of different AQs is complex, we assessed the applicability of recombinant P. putida KT2440 strains for the biosynthetic production of AQs. In mineral salts medium supplemented with octanoate and anthranilate, batch cultures of P. putida KT2440 [pBBR-pqsABCD] produced about 45 μM HHQ, 30% and 70% of which were localized in the culture supernatant and methanolic cell extract, respectively. 2,4-Dihydroxyquinoline and minor amounts of C3- to C13-saturated and C7:1 to C13:1 monounsaturated AQs were formed as by-products. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses spectroscopy indicated that unsaturated AQs having the same molecular mass are cis and trans isomers rather than position isomers, with the double bond located between the α and β carbon of the alkyl chain. Supplementing the cultures with hexanoate instead of octanoate shifted the AQ profile towards increased formation of C5-AQ. Individual AQs can be prepared from concentrated methanolic extracts by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Regioselective hydroxylation of HHQ to PQS can be achieved in >90% yield by biotransformation with P. putida KT2440 [pBBR-pqsH]. PQS can be isolated from methanolic cell extracts by HPLC, or be precipitated as Fe(III)-PQS complex. Preparation of a library of AQs will facilitate studies on the biological functions of these compounds.  相似文献   
94.
95.
Pax6 and Pax6(5a) are two isoforms of the evolutionary conserved Pax6 gene often co-expressed in specific stochiometric relationship in the brain and the eye during development. The Pax6(5a) protein differs from Pax6 by having a 14 amino acid insert in the paired domain, causing the two proteins to have different DNA binding specificities. Difference in functions during development is proven by the fact that mutations in the 14 amino acid insertion for Pax6(5a) give a slightly different eye phenotype than the one described for Pax6. Whereas quite many Pax6 target genes have been published during the last years, few Pax6(5a) specific target genes have been reported on. However, target genes identified by Pax6 knockout studies can probably be Pax6(5a) targets as well, since this isoform also will be affected by the knockout. In order to identify new Pax6 target genes, and to try to distinguish between genes regulated by Pax6 and Pax6(5a), we generated FlpIn-3T3 cell lines stably expressing Pax6 or Pax6(5a). RNA was harvested from these cell lines and used in gene expression microarrays where we identified a number of genes differentially regulated by Pax6 and Pax6(5a). A majority of these were associated with the extracellular region. By qPCR we verified that Ncam1, Ngef, Sphk1, Dkk3 and Crtap are Pax6(5a) specific target genes, while Tgfbi, Vegfa, EphB2, Klk8 and Edn1 were confirmed as Pax6 specific target genes. Nbl1, Ngfb and seven genes encoding different glycosyl transferases appeared to be regulated by both. Direct binding to the promoters of Crtap, Ctgf, Edn1, Dkk3, Pdgfb and Ngef was verified by ChIP. Furthermore, a change in morphology of the stably transfected Pax6 and Pax6(5a) cells was observed, and the Pax6 expressing cells were shown to have increased proliferation and migration capacities.  相似文献   
96.
97.
Slow Ca-dependent action potentials were studied in skeletal muscle fibers from different Neuromuscular Diseases (NMD). Biopsies were obtained from: 3 myopathies [Fascioscapulohumeral Dystrophy (FSH) and Polymyositis (PM)], 6 patients with other diseases (CD) [Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Central Core Disease, Mitochondrial Myopathy, Polyneuritis (PN), von Eulenberg's Paramyotonia], and 8 normal control muscles. Experiments were carried out in muscle fibers under current-clamp conditions. Membrane currents other than Ca ones were abolished or greatly diminished. Muscle fibers produced any of 3 types of responses, when stimulated by depolarizing pulses: fully developed Ca-action potentials (CaAP), abortive non-regenerative Ca responses (NrR), or only capacitive passive responses (WR). The 3 types of responses were not dependent on the basal conditions of the fibers. The frequency of observation of CaAPs was significantly higher in myopathic disease. In myopathies, 46% of the muscle fibers had CaAPs, while only 22% of fibers from CD and 15% of the fibers from normal muscles showed CaAPs. No differences were observed in the resting constants as well as in the CaAPs parameters between normal and diseased muscle fibers.  相似文献   
98.
Prenatal iron deficiency (pID) has been described to increase the risk for neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia; however, the precise molecular mechanisms are still unknown. Here, we utilized high‐throughput MS to examine the proteomic effects of pID in adulthood on the rat frontal cortex area (FCA). In addition, the FCA proteome was examined in adulthood following risperidone treatment in adolescence to see if these effects could be prevented. We identified 1501 proteins of which 100 were significantly differentially expressed in the FCA at postnatal day 90. Pathway analysis of proteins affected by pID revealed changes in metabolic processes, including the tricyclic acid cycle, mitochondrial dysfunction, and P13K/Akt signaling. Interestingly, most of these protein changes were not present in the adult pID offspring who received risperidone in adolescence. Considering the link between pID and several neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia these presented results bring new perspectives to understand the role of iron in metabolic pathways and provide novel biomarkers for future studies of pID.  相似文献   
99.
The influence of maternally transmitted immunoglobulins on the development of autoimmune diabetes mellitus in genetically susceptible human progeny remains unknown. Given the presence of islet beta cell-reactive autoantibodies in prediabetic nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, we abrogated the maternal transmission of such antibodies in order to assess their influence on the susceptibility of progeny to diabetes. First, we used B cell-deficient NOD mothers to eliminate the transmission of maternal immunoglobulins. In a complementary approach, we used immunoglobulin transgenic NOD mothers to exclude autoreactive specificities from the maternal B-cell repertoire. Finally, we implanted NOD embryos in pseudopregnant mothers of a non-autoimmune strain. The NOD progeny in all three groups were protected from spontaneous diabetes. These findings demonstrate that the maternal transmission of antibodies is a critical environmental parameter influencing the ontogeny of T cell-mediated destruction of islet beta cells in NOD mice. It will be important to definitively determine whether the transmission of maternal autoantibodies in humans affects diabetes progression in susceptible offspring.  相似文献   
100.
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