Population dynamics ofFusarium spp. in pea rhizosphere as affected by soil amendments

In nonamended soil, vegetative growth and sporulation ofFusarium spp. were higher in the rhizosphere than in the soil. Sporulation was favoured by young plants and decreased with increasing plant age. Amendments with low C/N oil-cakes enhanced vegetative growth and sporulation in root-free soil. The extent of stimulation varied with the nature of organic matter used and the stage of its deoomposition. Sporulation was suppressed by castor cake and sawdust with urea amendments. Rhizosphere cf pea altered the effect of different amendments.     

ATP-dependent proton translocation and quenching of 9-aminoacridine fluorescence in inside-out membrane vesicles of a cytochrome-deficient mutant of Escherichia coli,.

1. ATP-dependent proton translocation and ATP-dependent quenching of the fluorescence of 9-aminoacridine were measured in inside-out vesicles derived from a cytochrome-deficient mutant of Escherichia coli. 2. ATP-dependent quenching of fluorescence was inhibited by nigericin gramicidin, NH4Cl, and carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone. Inhibition was also produced by the ATPase inhibitors N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodimide (DCCD) and diphenyl phosphorazidate (DPA), and by the respiratory chain inhibitors piericidin A, 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide, and An2+. The inhibition of ATP-dependent fluorescence quenching by the ionophores, uncouplers, and respiratory chain inhibitors was not due to an effect on ATPase activity which was insensitive to these agents. 3. By use of the ATPase inhibitors DCCD and DPA, or by replacing ATP with GTP, ITP and CTP, a correlation between the ATPase activity and the rate of ATP-dependent membrane energization, as measured by fluorescence quenching, was obtained.     

Effect of soil moisture and clipping stresses on the nutrient (N,P and K) concentration,uptake and use efficiency in one temperate and two tropical grasses

Summary The concentration, uptake and element use efficiency of N, P and K in one C₃ annual (Polypogon monspeliensis) and two C₄ (Echinochloa colonum, an annual, andDichathium annulatum, a perennial) grasses were determined during winter and summer seasons in monocultures raised in field plots at three moisture levels,viz. full, half and one-fourth of field capacity. At each moisture regime the plants were clipped thrice at moderate and severe levels corresponding to 40 and 80% of live green. The concentration of these elements was characteristic of the growth habit of these plants;e.g. the build up of concentration was maximum in leaf of the annuals while it was comparable in crown and leaf of Dichanthium. The N level was maximum in Polypogon. The nutrient use effiency was comparable in the two annuals and maximum K and N use were obtained in Polypogon and Dichanthium, respectively.     

A model for semi-quantitative studies of muscle actions

A determinate scheme for modeling the mechanical effects of muscle contractions in a musculoskeletal system, using the direct-stiffness method of structural analysis, is described. Data concerning skeletal geometries, connective tissue passive mechanical properties, and muscle lines-of-action and cross-sectional areas are incorporated to make the model specific for studies of muscle actions in the human trunk. Several illustrative examples of model trunk responses to muscle contractions are presented and discussed.     

The configuration and location of the ribosidic linkage in the prosthetic group of citrate lyase (Klebsiella aerogenes).

The structure of the prosthetic group of citrate lyase (Klebsiella aerogenes) was studied by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. The spectra at 360 MHz of the nucleoside moiety (2'-ribosyladenosine) show the absence of 2'-hydroxyl proton, thus confirming the 2' position as the site of attachment of the second ribose moiety to the dephospho-CoA. This glycosidic linkage is found to be alpha(1" leads to 2') and is identical to that of poly(ADP-ribose). Studies of permethylation products by mass spectrometry support the above conclusion regarding the location of the ribosidic linkage.     

Conversion by rat brain preparation of lignoceric acid to ceramides and cerebrosides containing both alpha-hydroxy and nonhydroxy fatty acids. Effects of compounds which affect sphingolipid metabolism.

Three synthetic compounds which affect sphingolipid metabolism in vitro were examined for their effects on the synthesis in a rat brain system of nonhydroxyceramide, hydroxyceramide, nonhydroxycerebroside, and hydroxycerebroside from [1-14C]ignoceric acid. These compounds are N-octanoyl-D-threo-p-nitrophenylaminopropanediol (Compound I), N-(2,3-epoxydecanoyl)-norephedrine (Compound II), and N-decyl-N'-glucosylthiourea (Compound III). In the presence of up to 0.5 mM Compound I, only the hydroxyceramide fromation increased, while the synthesis of the other three lipids decreased. Compound II strongly inhibited the formation of all four lipids at all concentrations tested (0.1 to 1 mM). Compound III increased the synthesis of both ceramides approximately 2-fold at 1 mM, but the conversion of lignoceric acid to both cerebrosides remained relatively unchanged. Several significant conclusions from these observations are discussed.     

Energetics of galactose,proline, and glutamine transport in a cytochrome-deficient mutant of salmonella typhimurium

The effect of inhibitors and uncouplers on the osmotic shock-sensitive transport systems for glutamine and galactose (by the β-methyl galactoside permease) was compared to their effect on the osmotic shock-resistant proline and galactose permease systems in cytochrome-deficient cells of Salmonella typhimurium SASY28. Both osmotic shock-sensitive and -resistant systems were sensitive to uncouplers and to inhibitors of the membrane-bound Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺-activated adenosine triphosphatase. This suggests that uptake by both types of systems is energized in these cells by an electrochemical gradient of protons formed by ATP hydrolysis through the ATPase.