An anti-insulin serum, but not a glucagon antagonist, alters glycemia in fed chickens.

Attempts at altering plasma glucose and, as a consequence, food intake were performed in fed broiler chickens by single i.v. injection of des-His1(Glu9) glucagon amide (a glucagon antagonist) or a non-stimulating anti-insulin serum. Plasma glucose level was not altered by des-His1(Glu9) glucagon amide but was rapidly and largely increased (for at least 2 h) by the injection of the insulin-immune serum. Hour and cumulative food intake were unaltered up to 10 h post injection. These results strongly suggest that in fed chickens, plasma glucose is mainly, if not exclusively, controlled by plasma insulin, and that the transient and heavy hyperglycemia evoked by inhibiting insulin action does not alter food intake.     

Private Financing Options for Long-term Care

Private financing for long-term care now comes almost exclusively from out-of-pocket payments. Long-term-care costs quickly impoverish most elderly, resulting in Medicaid dependency. The consequences are profound for the western Sun Belt with its rapidly growing elderly population. Key private financing options are long-term-care individual retirement accounts (LTC/IRAs), home equity conversion, social-health maintenance organizations and long-term-care insurance. Study of data from the past half century suggests that the LTC/IRA approach would prove unsatisfactory for the purpose despite the intuitive appeal of this mechanism. Experience with home equity conversions is still very limited, and unresolved questions limit this approach to the role of a reserve option for now. While promising, social-health maintenance organizations are still in the experimental stages and not yet commercially available. Long-term-care insurance is currently sold on a thin market and emphasizes nursing home coverage. New approaches to private financing through long-term-care insurance seem to offer the best approach for immediate implementation.     

Preliminary studies of the effects of bromocriptine on testicular regression and the spring moult in a seasonal breeder, the male blue fox (Alopex lagopus)

Bromocriptine administration in the form of slow-release injections to male blue foxes during March-May abolished the normal spring rise in plasma prolactin concentrations seen in May and June. The spring moult was prevented and the treated animals retained a winter coat of varied quality and maturity until the end of the study in August. Plasma testosterone concentrations fell normally from March until August. Testicular regression was, however, delayed, although there were individual variations in response. Estimation by DNA flow cytometry in early July of the relative numbers of haploid, diploid and tetraploid cells in the testis showed that, in the treated animals, 74-80% of the cells were haploid (maturing germinal cells), 4-6% tetraploid (mainly primary spermatocytes) and the rest diploid cells (somatic cells and the remaining germinal cell types). In the control males, however, no haploid cells were detected and the majority of cells were diploid (93-99%). At castration in August, histological examination revealed various stages of testicular regression in the treated and control animals.     

Effects of stress and beta-funal trexamine pretreatment on morphine analgesia and opioid binding in rats

This study was essentially an in vivo protection experiment designed to test further the hypothesis that stress induces release of endogenous opioids which then act at opioid receptors. Rats that were either subjected to restraint stress for 1 hr or unstressed were injected ICV with either saline or 2.5 micrograms of beta-funaltrexamine (beta-FNA), an irreversible opioid antagonist that alkylates the mu-opioid receptor. Twenty-four hours later, subjects were tested unstressed for morphine analgesia (tail-flick assay) or were sacrificed and opioid binding in brain was determined. [3H]D-Ala2NMePhe4-Gly5(ol)enkephalin (DAGO) served as a specific ligand for mu- opioid receptors, and [3H]-bremazocine as a general ligand for all opioid receptors. Rats injected with saline while stressed were significantly less sensitive to the analgesic action of morphine 24 hr later than were their unstressed counterparts. Beta-FNA pretreatment attenuated morphine analgesia in an insurmountable manner. Animals pretreated with beta-FNA while stressed were significantly more sensitive to the analgesic effect of morphine than were animals that received beta-FNA while unstressed, consistent with the hypothesis that stress induces release of endogenous opioids that would protect opioid receptors from alkylation by beta-FNA. beta-FNA caused small and similar decreases in [3H]-DAGO binding in brain of both stressed and unstressed animals. Stressed rats injected with saline tended to have increased levels of [3H]DAGO and [3H]-bremazocine binding compared to the other groups. This outcome may be relevant to the tolerance to morphine analgesia caused by stress.     

Variation in early neonatal mortality for different types of fetal growth retardation

Birth and first-48-hr death records were analyzed for 10,024 liveborn infants in Mexico City and 12,786 liveborn infants in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. The objective of the analysis was to characterize the early postnatal mortality rates for different types of fetal growth retardation and prematurity. Infants who were delivered prior to 37 weeks of gestation had 23-100 times the mortality risk of infants born at full term and normal weight. Light-for-gestational-age infants (birth weight less than 2,900 g) were further divided into proportionately growth-retarded with normal Rohrer's index (weight/height) and disproportionately growth-retarded with low Rohrer's index. The proportionately growth-retarded infant had nearly twice the mortality of the full-term, appropriate-weight infants, whereas the disproportionately growth-retarded infants had 2.9-5.7 times the mortality rate of the full-term, appropriate-weight infants. There were some differences between samples in mortality rates and prevalence of the different classes of small infants, but the pattern of mortality within samples was consistent between samples.     

Assignment of the prealbumin (PALB) gene (familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy) to human chromosome region 18q11.2–q12.1

Summary The assignment of the human prealbumin (PALB) gene to chromosome region 18q11–q12.1 has been achieved using a human genomic probe in the study of human-mouse somatic cell hybrids and by in situ hybridization. Because familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy was reported previously to be due to a mutation in prealbumin, it can be inferred that the gene for this disorder also maps to 18q11.2–q12.1.     

Effect of secretagogues on chromogranin A synthesis in bovine cultured chromaffin cells. Possible regulation by protein kinase C.

Chromogranin A is a major component of storage granules in many different secretory cell types. After [35S]methionine labelling of proteins from cultured bovine chromaffin cells, chromogranin A was immunoprecipitated with specific antibodies, and the radioactivity incorporated into chromogranin A was determined and used as an index of its synthesis rate. Depolarization of cells with nicotine or high K+ evoked a Ca2+-dependent increase in chromogranin A synthesis, whereas muscarine, which does not evoke significant Ca2+ influx from bovine chromaffin cells, had no effect on chromogranin A synthesis. Forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase, affected neither the basal nor the nicotine-stimulated rate of chromogranin A synthesis. In contrast, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), an activator of protein kinase C, significantly enhanced the incorporation of radioactivity into chromogranin A. Sphingosine, an inhibitor of protein kinase C, abolished both nicotine-stimulated and TPA-induced chromogranin A synthesis. In addition, long-term treatment of chromaffin cells with TPA decreased protein kinase C activity and inhibited the nicotine-stimulated chromogranin A synthesis. These results suggest that protein kinase C may play an important role in the control of chromogranin A synthesis.     

The taxonomic status and distribution of Bushbabies in Malawi with emphasis on the significance of vocalizations

The debated identity of a small forest bushbaby in Malawi is resolved by a short-term field study of the animals’ behavior. Locomotor styles, calling patterns, and the structure of advertising calls confirm that the species is Galago zanzibaricusrather than G. demidoffor G. thomasi.A detailed comparison of acoustic structure between the Malawi animals and G. zanzibaricusin Kenya demonstrates a degree of between-population variation, although the calls remain conservative in those parameters expected to aid recognition of conspecifics. Distribution records extend the known geographical range of G. zanzibaricusover most of the northern half of Malawi. Further studies are required to link the animals from this region with either of the previously recognized subspecies: G. z. zanzibaricusfrom East Africa or G. z. grantifrom southern Malawi, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe.     

Influence of 2-deoxy-D-glucose upon growth and invertase activity of carrot (Daucus carota L.) cell suspension cultures

Carrot (Daucus carota L.) cell suspension cultures grew well when provided with glucose, fructose, sucrose or raffinose. Galactose and melibiose supported less growth unless supplemented with glucose or fructose. In combination with ten different sugar mixtures, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (dGlc) inhibited culture growth. Inhibitory effects of dGlc were more marked with fructose, melibiose, raffinose or mixtures of these sugars in the culture medium. The presence of glucose or galactose reduced the inhibitory effects of dGlc on culture growth. Experiments with radioactive labelled sugars demonstrated that dGLc uptake was greater in the presence of fructose than glucose, and that growth inhibition of dGlc coincided with its uptake. Reduced protein content was also associated with the inhibitory effects of dGlc. Cultured cells contained lower levels of invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) activity during the active phase of culture growth (up to 25 days after subculture) than when growth had peaked and subsequently declined. Acid and alkaline invertase activities were not greatly reduced by exogenous hexoses. Invertase activity was greatest during periods of low protein content in all cultures and was inhibited by dGlc during the latter phases of the culture period. Free intracellular sugars throughout the culture period consisted mainly of glucose and fructose.