Genomic dynamics of brown trout populations released to a novel environment

Population translocations occur for a variety of reasons, from displacement due to climate change to human‐induced transfers. Such actions have adverse effects on genetic variation and understanding their microevolutionary consequences requires monitoring. Here, we return to an experimental release of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in order to monitor the genomic effects of population translocations. In 1979, fish from each of two genetically (F _ST = 0.16) and ecologically separate populations were simultaneously released, at one point in time, to a lake system previously void of brown trout. Here, whole‐genome sequencing of pooled DNA (Pool‐seq) is used to characterize diversity within and divergence between the introduced populations and fish inhabiting two lakes downstream of the release sites, sampled 30 years later (c. 5 generations). Present results suggest that while extensive hybridization has occurred, the two introduced populations are unequally represented in the lakes downstream of the release sites. One population, which is ecologically resident in its original habitat, mainly contributes to the lake closest to the release site. The other population, migratory in its natal habitat, is genetically more represented in the lake further downstream. Genomic regions putatively under directional selection in the new habitat are identified, where allele frequencies in both established populations are more similar to the introduced population stemming from a resident population than the migratory one. Results suggest that the microevolutionary consequences of population translocations, for example, hybridization and adaptation, can be rapid and that Pool‐seq can be used as an initial tool to monitor genome‐wide effects.     

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Ailanthus silkmoth, Samia cynthia cynthia (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the Ailanthus silkmoth, Samia cynthia cynthia (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) was determined. The circular genome is 15,345 bp long, and presents a typical gene organization and order for sequenced mitogenomes of Bombycidea species. The nucleotide composition of the genome is highly A+T biased, accounting for 79.86%. The AT skew of the genome is slightly negative, indicating the occurrence of more Ts than As, as found in other Saturniidae species. All protein-coding genes (PCGs) are initiated by ATN codons, except for COI and COII, which are tentatively designated by CGA and GTG, respectively, as observed in other insects. Four of 13 PCGs, including COI, COII, ATP6, and ND3, harbor the incomplete termination codons, T or TA. With an exception for tRNA^Ser(AGN), all other tRNAs can form a typical clover-leaf structure of mitochondrial tRNA. The 359 bp A+T-rich region of S. c. cynthia contains non-repetitive sequences, but harbors several features common to the Bombycidea insects, including the motif ATAGA followed by a poly-T stretch of 19 bp, a microsatellite-like (AT)₇ element preceded by the ATTTA motif, and a poly-A element upstream tRNA^Met. The phylogenetic analyses support the morphology-based current hypothesis that Bombycidae and Saturniidae are monophyletic. Our result confirms that Saturniini and Attacini form a reciprocal monophyletic group within Saturniidae.     

Migrasomes and exosomes; different types of messaging vesicles in podocytes

Podocytes, highly specified kidney epithelial cells, live under several pathological stimuli and stresses during which they adapt themselves to keep homeostasis. Nevertheless, under extreme stress, a complex scenario of podocyte damage and its consequences occur. Podocyte damage causes foot process effacement and their detachment from the glomerular basement membrane, leading to proteinuria. Podocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (pEVs), mainly microparticles and exosomes are considered as signaling mediators of intercellular communication. Recently, it has been shown that throughout the injury-related migration procedure, podocytes are capable of releasing the injury-related migrasomes. Evidence indicates that at the early stages of glomerular disorders, increased levels of pEVs are observed in urine. At the early stage of nephropathy, pEVs especially migrasomes seem to be more sensitive and reliable indicators of podocyte stress and/or damage than proteinuria. This review highlights the current knowledge of pEVs and their values for the diagnosis of different kidney diseases.     

microRNAs: New prognostic,diagnostic, and therapeutic biomarkers in cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is as a kind of cancer beginning from the cervix. Given that cervical cancer could be observed in women who infected with papillomavirus, regular oral contraceptives, and multiple pregnancies. Early detection of cervical cancer is one of the most important aspects of the therapy of this malignancy. Despite several efforts, finding and developing new biomarkers for cervical cancer diagnosis are required. Among various prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic biomarkers, miRNA have been emerged as powerful biomarkers for detection, treatment, and monitoring of response to therapy in cervical cancer. Here, we summarized various miRNAs as an employable platform for prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic biomarkers in the treatment of cervical cancer.     

Identifying cis Elements for Spatiotemporal Control of Mammalian DNA Replication

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Use of the 16S-23S ribosomal genes spacer region for the molecular typing of sphingomonads

The ability of sphingomonads in drinking water to cause community- and hospital-acquired opportunistic infections has raised the need to establish reproducible identification assays. In this study, a total of 129 isolates recovered from drinking water with yellow- to orange-pigmented colonies were distributed among 10 biotypes on the basis of colony morphology. Polymorphisms, based on the amplification and restriction digestion of the intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) region within the 10 assigned biotypes and 18 ATCC reference strains, were used to investigate the ability of this approach to differentiate closely related sphingomonads. ITS size, which ranged between 400 and 1100 bp, did not vary enough among the different genera. However, 16 distinct banding patterns within the ATCC reference strains and 9 within the 10 biotypes were obtained through ITS restriction digestion, and the majority of the tested biotypes produced patterns similar to those generated by the ATCC strains. To our knowledge, this study is not only the first comprehensive record of the size of the ITS region in sphingomonads, it is also the first study that describes the use of ITS restriction digestion to subtype those isolates.     

The total peroxyl radical trapping potential in serum - an assay to define the stage of atherosclerosis

Lipid peroxides were identified among the factors that contribute to the atherosclerotic plaque formation in the arterial wall. We hypothesised that a correlation may exist between the content of antioxidant constituents in the serum and the gravity of atherosclerosis. To this purpose, we have determined the serum total peroxyl radical- trapping potential (TRAP), which is the combined capacity of all antioxidants to neutralize free radicals in serum and followed its variation in hyperlipemic animals in correlation with the stage of atherosclerosis. In addition, we compared TRAP values in the sera of coronary heart disease (CHD) patients, with or without type II diabetes mellitus. Results showed that after 18 weeks of hyperlipemic diet, the mean TRAP values measured in sera isolated from hyperlipemic hamsters exhibited an about 44% decrease, in good agreement with the increase of serum cholesterol and triglycerides. In the 3 groups of CHD patients, TRAP values decreased with about 10% in sera of stable angina patients, 20% in unstable patients, as compared with normal subjects. The lowest TRAP values were detected in the sera of patients with acute myocardial infarction. The results obtained for different experimental animals and for CHD patients sera indicate that the TRAP method, as adapted in our laboratory, is a reliable and reproducible assay, fit to be used in clinical studies as an ex vivo measurable parameter that correlates with the stage of the atherosclerosis.     

C-peptide and Central Nervous System Complications in Diabetes

Substantial evidence collected from clinical data and experimental studies has indicated that CNS is not spared from diabetes complications. Impairments in CNS function are well documented in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients as well as in various animal models of diabetes, in terms of alterations in cognition, neuropsychology, neurobehavior, electrophysiology, structure, neurochemistry and apoptotic activities. These data suggest that primary diabetic encephalopathy exists as a definable diabetic complication. The mechanisms underlying this CNS complication are not clear. Experimental studies have suggested that neuronal apoptosis may play an important role in neuronal loss and impaired cognitive function. In diabetes multiple factors are responsible for neuronal apoptosis, such as a perturbed IGF system, hyperglycemia and the aging process itself. Recent data suggest that insulin/C-peptide deficiency may exert an eminent role. Administration of C-peptide partially corrects the perturbed IGF system in the brain and prevents neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus of type 1 diabetes. In neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells C-peptide provides a dose-dependent stimulation on cell proliferation and an anti-apoptotic effect as well. These studies provide a basis for administration of C-peptide as a potentially effective therapy for type 1 diabetes.