Redox state and carbonic anhydrase isozyme IX expression in human renal cell carcinoma: biochemical and morphological investigations

Clear renal cell carcinomas (RCC) frequently express carbonic anydrase IX (CA IX) because of non-functional mutation of von Hippel Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene. CA IX is a tumor-associated transmembrane antigen, which catalyzes the extracellular, reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and proton and thereby contributes to acidification of extracellular milieu. Extracellular acidic pH facilitates tumor growth and progression. CA IX expression is upregulated by Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 (HIF-1), which is negatively controlled by oxygen via wild type VHL protein and is also regulated by the cell redox state. We investigated the immunohistochemical pattern of distribution of CA IX in a small series (14 cases) of RCCs. CA IX expression was matched with the redox state of RCC, stratifying our series in relation to clinical and histopathological parameters, such as Fuhrman grade, staging, proliferation markers expression, and particularly, the presence of necrosis. Our results show for the first time the existence of a perivascular pattern of CA IX distribution in RCC. We also found a significant relationship between CA IX expression and the presence of necrosis. Tumors with higher CA IX expression exhibited higher degree of necrosis (p < 0.05). Notably, an almost significant relationship between the redox state and CA IX expression was detected in RCC patients with 5 years disease-free survival, most of them showing organ-confined disease. Tumors with lower redox state showed an algebraically higher degree of CA IX expression. On the contrary, tumors with higher redox state exhibited an algebraically lower CA IX expression (p = 0.057). The observed relationship of CA IX expression and necrosis suggests a role for CA IX in RCC. Further investigations are necessary to further establish the role of the redox state in regulation of CA IX expression in RCC.     

Selective addressing of heteroditopic ligands by iron(II) and platinum(II)

The heteroditopic ligand 4′-(4,7,10-trioxadec-1-yn-10-yl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine, 2, contains an N,N′,N″-donor metal-binding domain that recognizes iron(II), and a terminal alkyne site that selectively couples to platinum(II). This selectivity has been used to investigate routes to the formation of heterometallic systems. The single crystal structures of ligand 2 and the complex [Fe(2)₂][PF₆]₂ are reported.     

Sequence-variant repeats of MUC1 show higher conformational flexibility, are less densely O-glycosylated and induce differential B lymphocyte responses

The human epithelial cancer mucin MUC1 is able to break tolerance and to induce humoral immune responses in healthy subjects and in cancer patients. We recently showed that clusters of sequence-variant repeats are interspersed in the repeat domain of MUC1 at high frequency, which should contribute to the structural and immunological features of the mucin. Here we elucidated the potential effects exerted by sequence-variant repeats on their O-glycosylation. Evidence from in vitro glycosylation with polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases GalNAc-T1 and GalNAc-T2 in concert with mass spectrometric analyses of in vivo glycosylated MUC1 probes from transiently transfected HEK293 cells indicated reduced glycosylation densities of repeats with three concerted replacements: AHGVTSAPESRPAPGSTAPA. The Pro to Ala replacement in STAPA exerts not only proximal effects on the ppGalNAc-T2 preferred site at -3 and -4, but also more distant effects on the ppGalNAc-T1 preferred site at -15 (TSAPESRPAPGSTAPA). We also examined the conformational changes of MUC1 glycopeptides induced by the concerted DT to ES replacements and revealed a higher conformational flexibility of ES/P peptides compared to DT/P peptides. Differences in conformational flexibilities and in O-glycosylation densities could underlie the observed differential humoral responses in humans. We were able to show that the natural immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to the repeat domain of MUC1 in sera from nonmalignant control subjects are preferentially directed to variant repeat clusters. In contrast, the IgG response in patients with adenocarcinoma shifted to higher frequencies of preferential DTR peptide binding.     

Cloning, expression, and purification of recombinant bovine rotavirus hemagglutinin, VP8*, in Escherichia coli

Rotavirus VP8* subunit is the minor trypsin cleavage product of the spike protein VP4, which is the major determinant of the viral infectivity and neutralization. To study the structure-function relationship of this fragment and to obtain type-specific reagents, substantial amounts of this protein are needed. Thus, full-length VP8* cDNA, including the entire trypsin cleavage-encoding region in gene 4, was synthesized and amplified by RT-PCR from total RNA purified from bovine rotavirus strain C486 propagated in MA104 cell culture. The extended VP8* cDNA (VP8ext) was cloned into the pGEM-T Easy plasmid and subcloned into the Escherichia coli expression plasmid pET28a(+). The correspondent 30 kDa protein was overexpressed in E. coli BL21(DE3)pLysS cells under the control of the T7 promoter. The identity and the antigenicity of VP8ext were confirmed on Western blots using anti-His and anti-rotavirus antibodies. Immobilized Ni-ion affinity chromatography was used to purify the expressed protein resulting in a yield of 4 mg of VP8ext per liter of induced E. coli culture. Our results indicate that VP8ext maintained its native antigenicity and specificity, providing a good source of antigen for the production of P type-specific immune reagents. Detailed structural analysis of pure recombinant VP8 subunit should allow a better understanding of its role in cell attachment and rotavirus tropism. Application of similar procedure to distinct rotavirus P serotypes should provide valuable P serotype-specific immune reagents for rotavirus diagnostics and epidemiologic surveys.     

Effect of hsp70 chaperone on the folding and misfolding of polypeptides modeling an elongating protein chain

Virtually nothing is known about the interaction of co-translationally active chaperones with nascent polypeptides and the resulting effects on peptide conformation and folding. We have explored this issue by NMR analysis of apomyoglobin N-terminal fragments of increasing length, taken as models for different stages of protein biosynthesis, in the absence and presence of the substrate binding domain of Escherichia coli Hsp70, DnaK-beta. The incomplete polypeptides misfold and self-associate under refolding conditions. In the presence of DnaK-beta, however, formation of the original self-associated species is completely or partially prevented. Chaperone interaction with incomplete protein chains promotes a globally unfolded dynamic DnaK-beta-bound state, which becomes folding-competent only upon incorporation of the residues corresponding to the C-terminal H helix. The chaperone does not bind the full-length protein at equilibrium. However, its presence strongly disfavors the kinetic accessibility of misfolding side-routes available to the full-length chain. This work supports the role of DnaK as a "holder" for incomplete N-terminal polypeptides. However, as the chain approaches its full-length status, the tendency to intramolecularly bury non-polar surface efficiently outcompetes chaperone binding. Under these conditions, DnaK serves as a "folding enhancer" by supporting folding of a population of otherwise folding-incompetent full-length protein chains.     

Medium chain fatty acids in intrauterine growth restricted and small for gestational age pregnancies

Introduction

Low birth weight is associated with an increased risk of heart disease, high blood pressure and diabetes in adult life. Fetal growth is determined by nutrient availability, which is related to placenta nutrient transport. Medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are a particular class of nutrients, known to be a readily available energy source. Until now no data are reported on these MCFAs in low birth weight fetus.

Aim

This is a prospective study conducted in a tertiary center of prenatal diagnosis to investigate the maternal and fetal MCFAs levels in appropriate for gestational age (AGA), intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR), and small for gestational age (SGA) pregnancies.

Method

The plasmatic levels of MCFAs in AGA, IUGR and SGA mother–infant pairs were quantified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The analytical method had a linearity range of 0.1–50 mg/L and a limit of quantification of 0.03 mg/L. Reduced fetal growth was defined as an estimated fetal weight below the 3rd–10th percentile for gestational age, with (IUGR) or without (SGA) fetal Doppler abnormalities.

Result

Maternal and fetal MCFAs plasma levels were significantly different among SGA, IUGR and AGA groups. Additionally, the observed MCFAs fetal to maternal ratio is >1 for IUGR group, whilst for SGA and AGA the fetal to maternal ratio is less than one.

Conclusion

Changes in MCFAs levels in fetal and maternal plasma are not related to placental functionality or nutrients availability, suggesting the presence of a de novo biosynthesis.

     

Enantioselective Preparation,Conformational Analysis and Absolute Configuration of Highly Substituted Aziridines

The first example of organocatalytic aziridination reaction of α‐substituted‐α,β‐unsaturated ketones is presented. The reaction was found to be highly enantio‐ and diastereoselective, yielding N‐tosylated aziridines. Low‐temperature nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra allowed for the determination of the N‐inversion barrier, that was found to be quite lower with respect to unsubstituted aziridines. A thorough conformational analysis supported by low‐temperature NMR data allowed for the determination of the absolute configuration of the main stereoisomer by means of time‐dependent Density Functional Theory simulation of the electronic circular dichroism spectra. Chirality 27:875–887, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

High throughput MLVA-16 typing for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brucella</Emphasis> based on the microfluidics technology

Background  

Brucellosis, a zoonosis caused by the genus Brucella, has been eradicated in Northern Europe, Australia, the USA and Canada, but remains endemic in most areas of the world. The strain and biovar typing of Brucella field samples isolated in outbreaks is useful for tracing back source of infection and may be crucial for discriminating naturally occurring outbreaks versus bioterrorist events, being Brucella a potential biological warfare agent. In the last years MLVA-16 has been described for Brucella spp. genotyping. The MLVA band profiles may be resolved by different techniques i.e. the manual agarose gels, the capillary electrophoresis sequencing systems or the microfluidic Lab-on-Chip electrophoresis. In this paper we described a high throughput system of MLVA-16 typing for Brucella spp. by using of the microfluidics technology.     

Dynamics of Vaginal Bacterial Communities in Women Developing Bacterial Vaginosis, Candidiasis, or No Infection, Analyzed by PCR-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis and Real-Time PCR

The microbial flora of the vagina plays a major role in preventing genital infections, including bacterial vaginosis (BV) and candidiasis (CA). An integrated approach based on PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and real-time PCR was used to study the structure and dynamics of bacterial communities in vaginal fluids of healthy women and patients developing BV and CA. Universal eubacterial primers and Lactobacillus genus-specific primers, both targeted at 16S rRNA genes, were used in DGGE and real-time PCR analysis, respectively. The DGGE profiles revealed that the vaginal flora was dominated by Lactobacillus species under healthy conditions, whereas several potentially pathogenic bacteria were present in the flora of women with BV. Lactobacilli were the predominant bacterial population in the vagina for patients affected by CA, but changes in the composition of Lactobacillus species were observed. Real-time PCR analysis allowed the quantitative estimation of variations in lactobacilli associated with BV and CA diseases. A statistically significant decrease in the relative abundance of lactobacilli was found in vaginal fluids of patients with BV compared to the relative abundance of lactobacilli in the vaginal fluids of healthy women and patients with CA.