Characterization of Nine Novel Mutations in the CD40 Ligand Gene in Patients with X-Linked Hyper IgM Syndrome of Various Ancestry

X-linked immunodeficiency with hyper-IgM (HIGMX-1) is a rare disorder caused by defective expression of the CD40 ligand (CD40L) by activated T lymphocytes, resulting in inefficient T-B cell cooperation and failure of B cells to undergo immunoglobulin isotype switch. In the present work, we describe nine patients of various ancestry who bear different mutations in the X chromosome–specific CD40L gene. Two of the mutations were nonsense mutations, one each resulting in premature stop codons at amino acid residues 39 and 140. Three patients had single point missense mutations, one each at codons 126, 140, and 144. Another patient had a 4-bp genomic deletion in exon 2, resulting in a frameshift and premature termination. Three patients showed insertions, one each of 1, 2, and 4 nt, probably because of polymerase slippage, resulting in frameshift mutation and premature termination. Overall, these observations confirm the heterogeneity of mutations in HIGMX-1. However, the identification of two patients whose mutation involves codon 140 (previously shown to be altered in two other unrelated subjects) suggests that this may be a hotspot of mutation in HIGMX-1. In two additional patients with clinical and immunological features indistinguishable from canonical HIGMX-1, no mutation was detected in the coding sequence, in the 5' flanking region, or in the 3' UTR.     

Two polymorphic dinucleotide repeats in intron 44 of the dystrophin gene

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is one of the most common and severe X-linked disorders with an incidence of approximately 1 in 3500 newborn males. In more than 60% of DMD patients, deletions of part or all of the dystrophin gene have been shown. Despite this, carrier detection still poses a problem in some cases, because of the enormous size of the gene and the lack of sufficient numbers of informative markers. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of two additional microsatellite markers (IVS44SK12 and IVS44SK21) in intron 44 of the dystrophin gene. Both markers are useful for carrier detection either by indirect DNA analysis or by direct proof of loss of heterozygosity.     

Synthesis of optically active diols using an efficient polymer bound cinchona alkaloid derivative

A new insoluble polymer containing a Cinchona alkaloid derivative has been synthesized and used as chiral ligand in the heterogeneous enantioselective dihydroxylation of olefins. It is shown that the enantioselectivity of the optically active diols obtained from both aliphatic and aromatic substrates is always comparable to that observed in the homogeneous phase under the same reaction conditions. A method for evaluating the enantiomeric excesses of the optically active products is also described. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Antibiotic treatment induces an increase of the specific antibody levels in Brucella melitensis infected mice

Abstract The effects of doxycycline (DOX) and streptomycin (SM) treatment of Brucella melitensis infected mice on humoral immune response were examined. In female BALB/c mice, DOX was administered at a dose of 50 mg/kg/12 h, for 21 or 45 consecutive days, alone or combined with SM (10 mg/kg/12 h) for 14 days. All treatments induced a significant increase in specific IgG levels (ELISA and CIEP) against LPS and cytosolic antigens of Brucella during treatment. This was not related with therapeutic failure or relapse since all treatments induced a significant reduction in the degree of infection.     

Neolignans from an Aniba species

The trunk wood of an Amazonian Aniba (Lauraceae) species contains, besides dillapiol and the benzodioxane-type neolignan eusiderin, four bicyclo(3.2.1)octanoid neolignans. These comprise representatives of the canellin-type: the known methoxycanellin-A and the novel compounds characterized as (1R, 3S, 4S, 5S, 6S, 7R)-1-allyl-4-hydroxy-3, 5-dimethoxy-7-methyl-6-(3′-methoxy-4′, 5′-methylenedioxyphenyl)-8-oxo-bicyclo(3.2.1)octane; (1R, 3S, 4S, 5S, 6S, 7R)-1-allyl-4-hydroxy-3, 5-dimethoxy-7-methyl-6-(3′, 4′, 5′-trimethoxyphenyl)-8-oxobicyclo(3.2.1)octane and (1R, 4R, 5R, 6S, 7R, 8S)-1-allyl-4, 8-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-7-methyl-6-(3′-methoxy-4′,5′-methylenedioxyphenyl)-3-oxobicyclo(3.2.1)octane.     

Insecticidal activity ofBacillus thuringiensis strains against the egyptian cotton leaf wormSpodoptera littoralis [Lep.: Nocutidae]

Among more than 50 isolates ofBacillus thuringiensis Berliner (B.t.) tested, 7 incited 100% mortality when 2nd instar larvae ofSpodoptera littoralis Boisduval were fed on alfalfa leaves dipped in a spore-crystal suspension of 10⁸ colony forming units/ml. Among those isolates,B.t. 24 demonstrated the highest activity. Larvae of instars 1 and 2 were the most susceptible toB.t. Susceptibility decreased with larval development. However, larvae of all instars were killed by isolateB.t. 24. Larvae that survived after feeding withB.t. 24 were retarded and fed less. Their weight relative to the controls was lower as the spore concentration on the leaves on which they fed was higher. Survival of the spores in the field dropped drastically to 2% after 4 days. Insecticidal activity of the sprayed suspension on those leaves, however, remained significant.B.t. 24 was also effective against larvae on cotton plants in the greenhouse and in a preliminary field experiment. Numbers of colony forming units recovered from leaves dipped in suspension of various spore concentrations showed significant correlation with the initial concentrations as did sprayed leaves. However, colony forming units recovered from sprayed leaves were 5–7.5 fold lower than from dipped leaves. Dipped cotton leaves showed 3.1×10^?5 ml attached to 1 mm² leaf surface whereas sprayed ones had 6×10^?6 ml. Those data are important for the determination of spore concentrations in suspensions required for spraying. The isolateB.t. 24 was serotyped byH. de Barjac as H-6B. thuringiensis entomocidus.     

Independent regulation of collagen types by chondrocytes during the loss of differentiated function in culture

Collagen phenotypes were determined for rabbit articular chondrocytes in cartilage slices and first through fifth monolayer cultures. During the first 24 hr of slice culture, chondrocytes exhibited the following collagen phenotype: 96% type II, 3% X₂Y and 1% type III. In primary monolayer culture, no other types of collagen were added to this differentiated chondrocyte phenotype; however, the synthesis per cell of each of the expressed collagens was stimulated. By the fifth day of primary culture, X₂Y synthesis increased 10 fold, and by the eighth day, a further 4 fold. In contrast, the synthesis of collagen types II and III showed no change by the fifth day, but increased 7 fold by the eighth day. These results suggest independent regulation of X₂Y in this situation. In a separate experiment, first through fifth cultures were studied. The synthesis per cell of type II collagen declined steadily and essentially ceased by the fifth culture, indicating the loss of differentiated function by these chondrocyte progeny. The loss of type II synthesis was not quantitatively replaced by the synthesis of type I trimer and type I collagen which was first detected in the third culture. While these qualitative changes in phenotype occurred, the stimulated rate of type III collagen synthesis did not change and that of X₂Y declined only slightly. Thus the termination of type II synthesis did not significantly alter the synthesis of the other collagens produced by differentiated chondrocytes. The final “de-differentiated” phenotype was 41% type I, 25% X₂Y, 20% type I trimer, 13% type III and 1% type II.